Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011 of 3 November 2011 laying down technical requirements and administrative procedures related to civil aviation aircrew pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council Text with EEA relevance

• (ii) A graduate of an ATP integrated training course is entitled to be credited with up to 50 hours of student pilot-in-command instrument time towards the PIC time required for the issue of the airline transport pilot licence, commercial pilot licence and a multi-engine type or class rating.

• (iii) A graduate of a CPL/IR integrated training course is entitled to be credited with up to 50 hours of the student pilot-in-command instrument time towards the PIC time required for the issue of the commercial pilot licence and a multi-engine type or class rating.

• (3)Flight time as co-pilot or PICUS. Unless otherwise determined in this Part, the holder of a pilot licence, when acting as co-pilot or PICUS, is entitled to be credited with all of the co-pilot time towards the total flight time required for a higher grade of pilot licence.

• (4)All hours flown in aeroplanes or TMGs that are subject to a decision of a Member State taken in accordance with points (a) or (c) of Article 2(8) of Regulation (EU) 2018/1139 or that fall within the scope of Annex I to that Regulation shall be credited in full towards fulfilling the flight time requirements of point FCL.140.A(a)(1) and point FCL.740.A(b)(1)(ii) of this Annex, provided that the following conditions are met:

• (i) the aeroplane or TMG concerned is of the same category and class as the Part-FCL aircraft in respect of which the hours flown are to be credited;

• (ii) in case of training flights with an instructor, the aeroplane or TMG used is subject to an authorisation specified in point ORA.ATO.135 of Annex VII (Part-ORA) or point DTO.GEN.240 of Annex VIII (Part-DTO).

• (5)All hours flown in gyroplanes that fall within the scope of Annex I to Regulation (EU) 2018/1139 and which have a maximum certificated take-off mass of at least 450 kg shall be credited in full towards completing the 12 hours of flight time and 12 take-offs and landings in accordance with point FCL.240.G(a) but shall not be credited towards the requirement in point FCL.240.G(a)(1)(ii).

(b) Crediting of theoretical knowledge

• (1) Applicants that have passed the theoretical knowledge examination for an airline transport pilot licence shall be credited towards the requirements for the theoretical knowledge for the light aircraft pilot licence, the private pilot licence, the commercial pilot licence and, except in the case of helicopters, the IR and the BIR in the same category of aircraft.

• (2) Applicants that have passed the theoretical knowledge examination for a commercial pilot licence shall be credited towards the requirements for the theoretical knowledge for:
• (i) the light aircraft pilot licence in the same category of aircraft;
• (ii) the private pilot licence in the same category of aircraft; and
• (iii) the subject ‘communications’ for the BIR. This credit shall include the IFR part of the subject ‘communications’ only if that subject was completed in accordance with point FCL.310, as applicable as of 20 December 2019.

• (3) Holders of an IR or applicants that have passed the IR theoretical knowledge examination for a category of aircraft shall be credited towards the requirements for the theoretical knowledge instruction and examination for:
• (i) the IR in another category of aircraft; and
• (ii) the BIR.

• (4) Holders of a pilot licence shall be credited towards the requirements for theoretical knowledge instruction and examination for a licence in another category of aircraft in accordance with Appendix 1 to this Part. This credit also applies to applicants for a pilot licence who have already successfully completed the theoretical knowledge examinations for the issue of that licence in another category of aircraft, as long as the theoretical knowledge examination is within the validity period specified in point FCL.025(c).

• (5) By way of derogation from paragraph (b)(3), holders of an IR(A) who have completed a competency-based modular IR(A) course shall be fully credited towards the requirements for theoretical knowledge instruction and examination for an IR in another category of aircraft only if they have also passed the theoretical knowledge instruction and examination for the IFR part of the course required in accordance with point  FCL.720.A.(a)(2)(ii)(A).

• (6) When Appendix 1 includes a credit for the subject Communications, all of the following shall apply:
• (i) such credit shall only be granted for training and examination for that subject if applicants, during previous theoretical knowledge examinations in accordance with point ARA.FCL.300 of Annex VI, have completed either the subject Communications or both subjects VFR communications and IFR communications;
• (ii) applicants who have completed either only the subject VFR communications or only the subject IFR communications shall complete theoretical knowledge instruction in the subject Communications, the duration of which may be reduced based on an assessment of the applicants by the ATO. For applicants who have completed the subject VFR communications, aspects purely related to VFR communication may be reduced. For applicants who have completed the subject IFR communications, aspects purely related to IFR communication may be reduced. In any case, applicants shall complete the theoretical knowledge examination in the subject Communications.

FCL.040   Exercise of the privileges of licences

The exercise of the privileges granted by a licence shall be dependent upon the validity of the ratings contained therein, if applicable, and of the medical certificate as appropriate to the privileges exercised.

FCL.045   Obligation to carry and present documents

• (a) A valid licence and a valid medical certificate shall always be carried by the pilot when exercising the privileges of the licence.

• (b) The pilot shall also carry a personal identification document containing his/her photo.

• (c) A pilot or a student pilot shall without undue delay present his/her flight time record for inspection upon request by an authorised representative of a competent authority.

• (d) A student pilot shall carry on all solo cross-country flights evidence of the authorisation required by point FCL.020(a)(1).

• (e) A pilot intending to fly outside Union territory on an aircraft registered in a Member State other than the one that issued the flight crew licence shall carry, in print or in electronic format, the latest issue of the ICAO attachment, which includes a reference to the ICAO registration number of the agreement that recognises the automatic validation of licences, as well as the list of States which are party to this agreement.

FCL.050   Recording of flight time

The pilot shall keep a reliable record of the details of all flights flown in a form and manner established by the competent authority.

FCL.055   Language proficiency

• (a) General. Aeroplane, helicopter, powered-lift aircraft, airship and gyroplane pilots required to use the radio telephone shall not exercise the privileges of their licences and ratings unless they have a language proficiency endorsement on their licence in either in English or the language used for radio communications involved in the flight. The endorsement shall indicate the language, the proficiency level and the validity date, and it shall be obtained in accordance with a procedure established by a competent authority. The minimum acceptable proficiency level is the operational level (Level 4) in accordance with Appendix 2 to this Annex.

• (b) The applicant for a language proficiency endorsement shall demonstrate, in accordance with Appendix 2 to this Annex, at least an operational level of language proficiency both in the use of phraseologies and plain language to an assessor certified by a competent authority or a language-testing body approved by a competent authority as applicable. To do so, the applicant shall demonstrate the ability to:
• (1) communicate effectively in voice-only and in face-to-face situations;
• (2) communicate on common and work-related topics with accuracy and clarity;
• (3) use appropriate communicative strategies to exchange messages and to recognise and resolve misunderstandings in a general or work-related context;
• (4) handle successfully the linguistic challenges presented by a complication or unexpected turn of events which occurs within the context of a routine work situation or communicative task with which they are otherwise familiar; and
• (5) use a dialect or accent which is intelligible to the aeronautical community.

• (c) Except for pilots who have demonstrated language proficiency at the expert level (level 6) in accordance with Appendix 2 to this Annex, the language proficiency endorsement shall be re-evaluated every:
• (1) 4 years, if the level demonstrated is operational level (level 4); or
• (2) 6 years, if the level demonstrated is extended level (level 5).

• (d) Specific requirements for holders of an instrument rating (IR). By way of derogation from the paragraphs above, holders of an IR shall have demonstrated the ability to use the English language at the appropriate proficiency level as defined in Appendix 2 to this Annex.

• (e) The demonstration of language proficiency and the use of the English language for IR holders shall be done through a method of assessment established by any competent authority.

FCL.060   Recent experience

• (b) Aeroplanes, helicopters, powered-lift aircraft, airships, VTOL-capable aircraft (VCA) and gyroplanes. A pilot shall not operate an aircraft in commercial air transport or for carrying passengers:

• (1) as PIC or co-pilot unless he or she has carried out, in the preceding 90 days, at least 3 take-offs, approaches and landings as a pilot flying in an aircraft of the same type or class or an FFS representing that type or class. The 3 take-offs and landings shall be performed in either multi-pilot or single-pilot operations, depending on the privileges held by the pilot; and

• (2) as PIC at night unless he/she:
• (i) has carried out in the preceding 90 days at least 1 take-off, approach and landing at night as a pilot flying in an aircraft of the same type or class or an FFS representing that type or class; or
• (ii) holds an IR;

• (3) as cruise relief co-pilot unless he or she has completed, within the preceding 90 days, either of the following:
• (i) at least three sectors as cruise relief co-pilot in the relevant type;
• (ii) training the content of which is determined by the operator and that comprises at least three sectors as cruise relief co-pilot in an FSTD representing the relevant type;
• (iii) recurrent training in accordance with Subpart FC (ORO.FC) of Annex III (Part-ORO) to Regulation (EU) No 965/2012;
• (iv) a proficiency check for cruise relief co-pilots in accordance with Appendix 9.

• (4) When a pilot has the privilege to operate more than one type of aeroplane with similar handling and operation characteristics, the 3 take-offs, approaches and landings required in (1) may be performed as defined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21.

• (5) When a pilot has the privilege to operate more than one type of non-complex helicopter with similar handling and operation characteristics, as defined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21, the 3 take-offs, approaches and landings required in (1) may be performed in just one of the types, provided that the pilot has completed at least 2 hours of flight in each of the types of helicopter, during the preceding 6 months.

• (c) Specific requirements for commercial air transport:

• (1) In the case of commercial air transport, the 90-day period prescribed in subparagraphs (b)(1) and (2) above may be extended up to a maximum of 120 days, as long as the pilot undertakes line flying under the supervision of a type rating instructor or examiner.

• (2) If the pilot does not comply with the requirement in point (1), he or she shall complete a training flight with an instructor qualified in accordance with Subpart J to instruct for that aircraft type. The training flight shall be performed in the aircraft or an FFS of the aircraft type to be used, and shall include at least the requirements described in points (b)(1) and (2) before he or she can exercise his/her privileges.

FCL.065   Curtailment of privileges of licence holders aged 60 years or more in commercial air transport

• (a) Age 60–64. Aeroplanes and helicopters. The holder of a pilot licence who has attained the age of 60 years shall not act as a pilot of an aircraft engaged in commercial air transport except as a member of a multi-pilot crew. By way of derogation, such holders shall be entitled to act as pilots of an aircraft engaged in single-pilot helicopter emergency medical service operations in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 965/2012, provided that they comply with the applicable requirements specified for that purpose in that Regulation and in Annex IV (Part-MED) to this Regulation.

• (b) Age 65. Holders of a pilot licence who has attained the age of 65 years shall not act as a pilot of an aircraft that is engaged in commercial air transport.

FCL.070   Revocation, suspension and limitation of licences, ratings and certificates

• (a) Licences, ratings and certificates issued in accordance with this Part may be limited, suspended or revoked by the competent authority when the pilot does not comply with the requirements of this Part, Part-Medical or the applicable operational requirements, in accordance with the conditions and procedures laid down in Part-ARA.

• (b) When the pilot has his/her licence suspended or revoked, he/she shall immediately return the licence or certificate to the competent authority.

SUBPART B

LIGHT AIRCRAFT PILOT LICENCE — LAPL

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.100   LAPL — Minimum age

Applicants for the LAPL for aeroplanes or helicopters shall be at least 17 years old.

FCL.105   LAPL — Privileges and conditions

• (a) General. The privileges of the holder of an LAPL are to act without remuneration as PIC in non-commercial operations on the appropriate aircraft category.

• (b) Conditions. Applicants for the LAPL shall have fulfilled the requirements for the relevant aircraft category and, when applicable, for the class or type of aircraft used in the skill test.

FCL.110   LAPL — Crediting for the same aircraft category

• (a) Applicants for an LAPL who have held another licence in the same category of aircraft shall be fully credited towards the requirements of the LAPL in that category of aircraft.

• (b) Without prejudice to the paragraph above, if the licence has lapsed, the applicant shall have to pass a skill test in accordance with FCL.125 for the issue of an LAPL in the appropriate aircraft category.

FCL.115   LAPL – Training course

• (a) Applicants for an LAPL shall complete a training course at a DTO or an ATO. That training course shall include:
• (1) theoretical knowledge and flight instruction appropriate to the privileges of the LAPL applied for;
• (2) additionally, for the LAPL(H), the mandatory training elements for the relevant helicopter type as defined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Annex I (Part 21) to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012.

• (b) Theoretical knowledge instruction and flight instruction may be completed at a DTO or at an ATO different from the one where applicants have commenced their training.

• (c) For the training for the SEP aeroplanes-sea class privilege, the elements of Section B (Specific requirements for the aeroplane category), point 7 (Class ratings — sea), of Appendix 9 shall be considered.

• (d) Applicants for an LAPL may receive credits for previous PPL training they have undergone in accordance with Subpart C in the same aircraft category, based on an assessment of the applicant by the ATO or the DTO that is responsible for the LAPL training course. In any case, applicants shall comply with the experience requirements set out in points FCL.110.A(a) or FCL.110.H(a), as applicable.

FCL.120   LAPL — Theoretical knowledge examination

Applicants for an LAPL shall demonstrate a level of theoretical knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted, through examinations on the following:

• (a) common subjects:
• — Air law,
• — Human performance,
• — Meteorology,
• — Communications, and
• — Navigation.

• (b) specific subjects concerning the different aircraft categories:
• — Principles of flight,
• — Operational procedures,
• — Flight performance and planning, and
• — Aircraft general knowledge.

FCL.125   LAPL — Skill test

• (a) Applicants for an LAPL shall demonstrate through the completion of a skill test the ability to perform, as PIC on the appropriate aircraft category, the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

• (b) Applicants for the skill test shall have received flight instruction on the same class or type of aircraft to be used for the skill test. The privileges will be restricted to the class or type used for the skill test until further extensions are endorsed on the licence, in accordance with this Subpart.

• (c) Pass marks

• (1)The skill test shall be divided into different sections, representing all the different phases of flight appropriate to the category of aircraft flown.

• (2)Failure in any item of a section will cause the applicant to fail the entire section. If the applicant fails only 1 section, he/she shall repeat only that section. Failure in more than 1 section will cause the applicant to fail the entire test.

• (3)When the test needs to be repeated in accordance with (2), failure in any section, including those that have been passed on a previous attempt, will cause the applicant to fail the entire test.

• (4)Failure to achieve a pass in all sections of the test in 2 attempts will require further practical training.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the LAPL for aeroplanes — LAPL(A)

FCL.105.A   LAPL(A) — Privileges and conditions

• (a)Privileges

• The privileges of the holder of an LAPL for aeroplanes are to act as PIC on SEP aeroplanes-land (SEP(land)), SEP aeroplanes-sea (SEP(sea)) or TMG with a maximum certified take-off mass of 2 000  kg or less, carrying a maximum of three passengers, such that there are never more than four persons on board the aircraft.

• (b)Conditions

• (1) Holders of a LAPL(A) shall carry passengers only if they have completed 10 hours of flight time as PIC on aeroplanes or TMG after the issuance of the licence.

• (2) Holders of a LAPL(A) who previously held an ATPL(A), an MPL(A), a CPL(A) or a PPL(A), are exempted from the requirements laid down in point (b)(1).

FCL.110.A   LAPL(A) — Experience requirements and crediting

• (a) Applicants for an LAPL(A) shall have completed at least 30 hours of flight instruction on aeroplanes or TMGs, including at least:

• (1) 15 hours of dual flight instruction in the class in which the skill test will be taken;

• (2) 6 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 3 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 150 km (80 NM), during which 1 full stop landing at an aerodrome different from the aerodrome of departure shall be made.

• (b) Specific requirements for applicants who hold an SPL issued in accordance with Annex III (Part-SFCL) to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1976, including privileges to fly TMGs. Applicants for an LAPL(A) who hold an SPL with the privileges to fly TMGs shall have completed at least 21 hours of flight time on TMGs after the endorsement of the TMG privileges and shall comply with the requirements of point FCL.135.A(a) on aeroplanes.

• (c) Crediting. Applicants with prior experience as PIC may be credited towards the requirements of point (a) under the following conditions:

• (1) the amount of credit shall be decided by the DTO or the ATO where the pilot undergoes the training course, on the basis of a pre-entry flight assessment, but shall in any case:
• (i) not exceed the total flight time as PIC;
• (ii) not exceed 50 % of the hours required in point (a);
• (iii) not include the requirements of point (a)(2);

• (2) previous experience as PIC in aircraft that are subject to a decision of a Member State taken in accordance with Article 2(8), points (a) or (c), of Regulation (EU) 2018/1139 or that fall within the scope of Annex I to that Regulation may be considered, provided that the aircraft match the definition of the respective aircraft category under this Annex (Part-FCL).

FCL.135.A   LAPL(A) — Extension of privileges to another class or variant of aeroplane

• (a) Applicants for an LAPL(A) shall be issued with privileges for the class of aeroplanes or TMGs in which the skill test was taken. In order to extend their privileges to another class, holders of an LAPL(A) shall complete, in that other class, all of the following:

• (1) 3 hours of flight instruction, including the following:
• (i) 10 dual take-offs and landings;
• (ii) 10 supervised solo take-offs and landings;

• (2) a skill test to demonstrate an adequate level of practical skill in the new class. During that skill test, the applicant shall also demonstrate to the examiner an adequate level of theoretical knowledge for the other class in the following subjects:
• (i) Operational procedures;
• (ii) Flight performance and planning;
• (iii) Aircraft general knowledge.

• (b) In order to extend the privileges to another variant within a class, the pilot shall either undergo differences training or do familiarisation. The differences training shall be entered in the pilot’s logbook or in an equivalent record and shall be signed by the instructor. When extending the privileges for an SEP aeroplane class to a variant with another type of engine referred to in Article 2, point (8c), the differences training shall consist of dual flight instruction and theoretical knowledge instruction which shall include, with regard to that other type of engine and related aircraft systems, at least all of the following subjects:

• (1) Operational procedures;

• (2) Flight performance and planning;

• (3) Aircraft general knowledge.

• (c) Applicants for the extension of privileges of the LAPL(A) to TMG who also hold an SPL in accordance with Annex III (Part-SFCL) to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1976, including the privileges to fly on TMGs, shall receive full credits towards the requirements in paragraph (a).

FCL.140.A   LAPL(A) — Recency requirements

• (a)Holders of a LAPL(A) shall exercise the privileges of their licence only if in the last 2 years they have met any of the following conditions as pilots of aeroplanes or TMGs:

• (1) they have completed at least 12 hours of flight time as PIC or flying dual or solo under the supervision of an instructor, including:
• (i) 12 take-offs and landings;
• (ii) refresher training of at least 1 hour of total flight time with and to the satisfaction of an instructor who shall select those flight exercises that allow the applicant to refresh their competence in safely operating the aircraft and applying normal, abnormal and emergency procedures;

• (2) they have passed a LAPL(A) proficiency check with an examiner. The proficiency check programme shall be based on the skill test for the LAPL(A);

• (b)If holders of a LAPL(A) hold both a SEP(land) and a SEP(sea) privilege, they may comply with the requirements in point (a)(1) in either class or a combination thereof which shall be valid for both privileges. For this purpose, at least 1 hour of the required flight time and 6 out of the required 12 take-offs and landings shall be completed in each class.

• (c)Holders of an LAPL(A) with privileges for SEP aeroplanes who, in accordance with point FCL.135.A(b), have extended their privileges to a variant with a different type of engine referred to in Article 2, point (8c), if they have not flown that variant within the preceding 2 years, shall complete any of the following in that variant, before exercising their privileges in that variant:

• (1) further differences training in accordance with point FCL.135.A(b);

• (2) a proficiency check;

• (3) refresher training in accordance with point FCL.140.A(a)(1)(ii).

• (d)The dual flights, flights under supervision referred to in the introductory phrase of point (a)(1), the refresher training referred to in point (a)(1)(ii) and point (c)(3) and the proficiency check referred to in point (a)(2) and point (c)(2) shall be entered in the pilot’s logbook or equivalent record and shall be signed by the instructor or examiner, as applicable.

SECTION 3

Specific requirements for the LAPL for helicopters — LAPL(H)

FCL.105.H   LAPL(H) — Privileges

The privileges of the holder of an LAPL for helicopters are to act as PIC on single-engine helicopters with a maximum certificated take-off mass of 2 000 kg or less, carrying a maximum of 3 passengers, such that there are never more than 4 persons on board.

FCL.110.H   LAPL(H) — Experience requirements and crediting

• (a) Applicants for the LAPL(H) shall have completed 40 hours of flight instruction on helicopters. At least 35 hours of which shall be flown on the type of helicopter that is to be used for the skill test. The flight instruction shall include at least:

• (1) 20 hours of dual flight instruction; and

• (2) 10 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 5 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 150 km (80 NM), during which one full stop landing at an aerodrome different from the aerodrome of departure shall be made.

• (b) Crediting. Applicants with prior experience as PIC may be credited towards the requirements of point (a) under the following conditions:

• (1) the amount of credit shall be decided by the DTO or the ATO where the pilot undergoes the training course, on the basis of a pre-entry flight assessment, but shall in any case:
• (i) not exceed the total flight time as PIC;
• (ii) not exceed 50 % of the hours required in point (a);
• (iii) not include the requirements of point (a)(2);

• (2) previous experience as PIC in aircraft that are subject to a decision of a Member State taken in accordance with Article 2(8), point (b), of Regulation (EU) 2018/1139 or that fall within the scope of Annex I to that Regulation may be considered, provided that the aircraft match the definition of the helicopter category under this Annex (Part-FCL).

FCL.135.H   LAPL(H) — Extension of privileges to another type or variant of helicopter

• (a) Applicants for an LAPL(H) shall be issued with privileges for the specific type of helicopter in which the skill test was taken. In order to extend their privileges to another type of helicopter, holders of an LAPL(H) shall complete, in that other type, all of the following:

• (1) unless otherwise specified in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Annex I (Part 21) to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, at least 5 hours of flight instruction, including:
• (i) 15 dual take-offs, approaches and landings;
• (ii) 15 supervised solo take-offs, approaches and landings;

• (2) a skill test to demonstrate an adequate level of practical skill in the new type. During that skill test, the applicant shall also demonstrate to the examiner an adequate level of theoretical knowledge for the other type in the following subjects:
• (i) Operational procedures,
• (ii) Flight performance and planning,
• (iii) Aircraft general knowledge.

• (b) Before the holder of an LAPL(H) can exercise the privileges of the licence in another variant of helicopter than the one used for the skill test, the pilot shall undergo differences training or do familiarisation, as determined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Annex I (Part 21) to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012. The differences training shall be entered in the pilot’s logbook or equivalent record and shall be signed by the instructor.

FCL.140.H   LAPL(H) – Recency requirements

• (a) Holders of an LAPL(H) shall exercise the privileges of their licence on a specific type only if in the last 12 months they have, in the relevant type, taken one of the following steps:
• (1) completed both of the following:
• (i) at least 6 hours of flight time on helicopters of that type as PIC, or flying dual or solo under the supervision of an instructor, including six take-offs, approaches and landings;
• (ii) a refresher training of at least 1 hour of total flight time with and to the satisfaction of an instructor who shall select those flight exercises that allow the applicant to refresh their competence in safely operating the aircraft and applying normal, abnormal and emergency procedures;
• (2) passed a proficiency check with an examiner on the specific type before resuming the exercise of the privileges of their licence. That proficiency check programme shall be based on the skill test for the LAPL(H).

• (b) Applicants may choose to complete the refresher training referred to in point (a)(1)(ii) in the aircraft or an FSTD representing the relevant type, or in a combination of both.

• (c) The dual flights, flights under supervision referred to in point (a)(1)(i), the refresher training referred to in point (a)(1)(ii) and the proficiency check referred to in point (a)(2) shall be entered in the pilot’s logbook or equivalent record and shall be signed by the instructor or examiner, as applicable.

SUBPART C

PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE (PPL) AND GYROPLANE PILOT LICENCE (GPL)

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.200   Minimum age

Applicants for a PPL or a GPL shall be at least 17 years old.

FCL.205   Conditions

• (a) Applicants for the issue of a PPL shall have fulfilled the requirements for the class or type rating for the aircraft used in the skill test, as established in Subpart H.

• (b) Applicants for the issue of a GPL shall have fulfilled the requirements for the class or type of aircraft used in the skill test.

FCL.210   Training course

• (a) Applicants for a PPL or a GPL shall complete a training course at an ATO or a DTO.

• (b) The course shall include theoretical knowledge and flight instruction appropriate to the privileges of the PPL or GPL applied for.

• (c) Theoretical knowledge instruction and flight instruction may be completed at a DTO or at an ATO different from the one where applicants have commenced their training.

FCL.215   Theoretical knowledge examination

Applicants for a PPL or a GPL shall demonstrate a level of theoretical knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted through examinations in the following subjects:

• (a) common subjects:
• — Air law,
• — Human performance,
• — Meteorology,
• — Communications; and
• — Navigation.

• (b) specific subjects concerning the different aircraft categories:
• — Principles of flight,
• — Operational procedures,
• — Flight performance and planning, and
• — Aircraft general knowledge.

FCL.235   Skill test

• (a) Through the completion of a skill test, applicants for a PPL or a GPL shall demonstrate the ability to perform as PIC on the appropriate aircraft category the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with the competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

• (b) Applicants for the skill test shall have received flight instruction on the same class or type of aircraft to be used for the skill test.

• (c) Pass marks

• (1)The skill test shall be divided into different sections, representing all the different phases of flight appropriate to the category of aircraft flown.

• (2)Failure in any item of a section will cause the applicant to fail the entire section. If the applicant fails only 1 section, he/she shall repeat only that section. Failure in more than 1 section will cause the applicant to fail the entire test.

• (3)When the test needs to be repeated in accordance with (2), failure in any section, including those that have been passed on a previous attempt, will cause the applicant to fail the entire test.

• (4)Failure to achieve a pass in all sections of the test in 2 attempts will require further training.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the PPL aeroplanes — PPL(A)

FCL.205.A   PPL(A) — Privileges

• (a) The privileges of the holders of a PPL(A) are to act without remuneration as PIC or co-pilots of aeroplanes or TMGs engaged in non-commercial operations and to exercise all privileges of holders of an LAPL(A).

• (b) Notwithstanding the paragraph above, the holder of a PPL(A) with instructor or examiner privileges may receive remuneration for:

• (1) the provision of flight instruction for the LAPL(A) or PPL(A);

• (2) the conduct of skill tests and proficiency checks for the licences specified in point (1);

• (3) the training, testing and checking for the ratings or certificates associated with the instructor’s or examiner’s licence, as applicable.

FCL.210.A   PPL(A) — Experience requirements and crediting

• (a) Applicants for a PPL(A) shall have completed at least 45 hours of flight instruction in aeroplanes or TMGs, of which 5 hours may have been completed in an FSTD, including at least the following:

• (1) 25 hours of dual flight instruction;

• (2) 10 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 5 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least one cross-country flight of at least 270 km (150 NM), during which full-stop landings at two aerodromes different from the aerodrome of departure shall be made. Applicants may complete the flight time of a night rating training course in accordance with point FCL.810(a)(1)(ii) as part of the 45 hours of flight instruction, provided that, before commencing night rating training, they have completed basic instrument flight training.

• (b) Specific requirements for applicants that have undergone LAPL(A) training. Applicants for a PPL(A) shall receive credits for previous LAPL(A) training they have undergone and shall be issued with a PPL(A), provided that the LAPL(A) training and the PPL(A) training that they completed in total complies with the experience requirements in point (a). However, in such a case all of the following shall apply:

• (1) if applicants already hold an LAPL(A), all of the following shall apply, provided that applicants have completed at least 45 hours of total flight time in aeroplanes or TMGs:
• (i) the requirement in the introductory sentence of point (a) is reduced to 40 hours of flight instruction;
• (ii) the requirement in point (a)(1) is reduced to 21 hours of dual flight instruction;

• (2) applicants shall have completed at least all of the following with an instructor that is qualified to instruct for a PPL(A):
• (i) 5 hours of dual flight instruction;
• (ii) solo flight time as specified in point (a)(2).

• (c) Specific requirements for applicants who hold an SPL issued in accordance with Annex III (Part-SFCL) to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1976, including privileges to fly TMGs. Applicants for a PPL(A) who hold an SPL with the privileges to fly TMGs shall have completed:

• (1) at least 24 hours of flight time on TMGs after endorsement of the TMG privileges; and

• (2) at least 15 hours of flight instruction in aeroplanes in a training course at a DTO or at an ATO, including at least the requirements of point (a)(2).

• (d) Crediting. Applicants holding a pilot licence for another category of aircraft, with the exception of balloons, shall be credited with 10 % of their total flight time as PIC on such aircraft up to a maximum of 10 hours. The amount of credit given shall in any case not include the requirements in (a)(2).

SECTION 3

Specific requirements for the PPL helicopters — PPL(H)

FCL.205.H   PPL(H) — Privileges

• (a) The privileges of the holder of a PPL(H) are to act without remuneration as PIC or co-pilot of helicopters engaged in non-commercial operations and to exercise all privileges of holders of an LAPL(H).

• (b) Notwithstanding the paragraph above, the holder of a PPL(H) with instructor or examiner privileges may receive remuneration for:

• (1) the provision of flight instruction for the LAPL(H) or the PPL(H);

• (2) the conduct of skill tests and proficiency checks for the licences specified in point (1);

• (3) the training, testing and checking for the ratings or certificates associated with the instructor’s or examiner’s licence, as applicable.

FCL.210.H   PPL(H) — Experience requirements and crediting

• (a) Applicants for a PPL(H) shall have completed at least 45 hours of flight instruction on helicopters, of which 5 hours may have been completed in an FSTD, including at least:

• (1) 25 hours of dual flight instruction; and

• (2) 10 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 5 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 185 km (100 NM), with full stop landings at 2 aerodromes different from the aerodrome of departure.

• (3) 35 of the 45 hours of flight instruction have to be completed on the same type of helicopter as the one used for the skill test.

• (b) Specific requirements for applicants that have undergone LAPL(H) training. Applicants for a PPL(H) shall receive credits for previous LAPL(H) training they have undergone and shall be issued with a PPL(H), provided that the LAPL(H) training and the PPL(H) training that they completed in total complies with the experience requirements in point (a).

• (c) Applicants holding a pilot licence for another category of aircraft, with the exception of balloons, shall be credited with 10 % of their total flight time as PIC on such aircraft up to a maximum of 6 hours. The amount of credit given shall in any case not include the requirements in (a)(2).

SECTION 4

Specific requirements for the PPL airships — PPL(As)

FCL.205.As   PPL(As) — Privileges

• (a) The privileges of the holder of a PPL(As) are to act without remuneration as PIC or co-pilot on airships engaged in non-commercial operations.

• (b) Notwithstanding the paragraph above, the holder of a PPL(As) with instructor or examiner privileges may receive remuneration for:

• (1) the provision of flight instruction for the PPL(As);

• (2) the conduct of skill tests and proficiency checks for the licence specified in point (1);

• (3) the training, testing and checking for the ratings or certificates associated with the instructor’s or examiner’s licence, as applicable.

FCL.210.As   PPL(As) — Experience requirements and crediting

• (a) Applicants for a PPL(As) shall have completed at least 35 hours of flight instruction in airships, 5 of which may have been completed in an FSTD, including at least:

• (1) 25 hours of dual flight instruction, including:
• (i) 3 hours of cross-country flight training, including 1 cross-country flight of at least 65 km (35 NM);
• (ii) 3 hours of instrument instruction;

• (2) 8 take-offs and landings at an aerodrome, including masting and unmasting procedures;

• (3) 8 hours of supervised solo flight time.

• (b) Applicants who hold a BPL issued in accordance with Annex III (Part-BFCL) to Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/395 and are qualified to fly hot-air airships shall be credited with 10 % of their total flight time as PIC on such airships and up to a maximum of 5 hours.

SECTION 5

Specific requirements for the GPL

FCL.205.G GPL – Privileges

• (a) The privileges of the holder of a GPL are to act as PIC in gyroplanes:
• (1) without remuneration in non-commercial operations;
• (2) performing the carriage of passengers only when they have completed 10 hours of flight time as PIC on gyroplanes after the issuance of the licence.

• (b) Notwithstanding point (a)(1) above, the holder of a GPL with instructor or examiner privileges may receive remuneration for:
• (1) the provision of flight instruction for the GPL;
• (2) the conduct of skill tests and proficiency checks for the GPL;
• (3) the training, testing and checking for the ratings and privileges associated with the instructor’s or examiner’s licence, as applicable.

• (c) GPL holders shall exercise GPL privileges only if they comply with the applicable recency requirements and only if their medical certificate, appropriate to the privileges exercised, is valid.

FCL.210.G GPL – Experience requirements and crediting

• (a) An applicant for a GPL shall have completed at least 35 hours of flight instruction in gyroplanes, 5 of which may have been completed in an FSTD, including at least:
• (1) 20 hours of dual flight instruction; and
• (2) 8 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 4 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least one cross-country flight of at least 150 km (80 NM), during which full-stop landings at two aerodromes different from the aerodrome of departure shall be made.

• (b) Crediting. An applicant that holds a pilot licence for another category of aircraft, with the exception of balloons, shall be credited with 10 % of their total flight time as PIC on such aircraft up to a maximum of 10 hours. In any case, credits shall not be given for the requirements of point (a)(2).

• (c) Applicants with prior experience as PIC on gyroplanes, that have a maximum take-off mass of at least 450 kg, may receive credits towards the requirements of point (a). The amount of credit shall be decided by the DTO or the ATO where the applicant undergoes the training course, on the basis of a pre-entry flight assessment, but shall in any case not exceed any of the following:
• (1) the total flight time as PIC;
• (2) 50 % of the hours required in point (a).

In any case, credits shall not be given for the requirements of point (a)(2).

FCL.235.G GPL – Privileges for classes, types and variants of gyroplanes

• (a) For the purpose of gyroplane pilot licensing in accordance with this Annex, gyroplanes shall be categorised into the following class and types:
• (1) single-propeller gyroplane (SPG) class: Single-pilot gyroplanes whose single-centric propulsion unit is operated by a single thrust control and driven by either of the following types of engines:
• (a) a piston engine system which, if so specified following the certification process in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, may consist of more than one piston engine;
• (b) an electric engine system which, if so specified following the certification process in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, may consist of more than one electric engine;
• (c) if so specified following the certification process in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, a hybrid engine system consisting of piston and electric engines;
• (2) gyroplane types that require privileges for that individual type, as determined following the certification process in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 748/2012.

• (b) Applicants for a GPL shall be issued with privileges for the class or type of gyroplanes in which the skill test was taken. In order to extend their privileges to another class or type, holders of a GPL shall complete, in that other class or type, all of the following:
• (1) unless specified otherwise in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Annex I (Part 21) to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, where applicable, 3 hours of flight instruction, including:
• (i) 10 dual take-offs and landings; and
• (ii) 10 supervised solo take-offs and landings;
• (2) a skill test to demonstrate an adequate level of practical skill in the new class or type. During this skill test, the applicant shall also demonstrate to the examiner an adequate level of theoretical knowledge for the other class or type in the following subjects:
• (i) operational procedures;
• (ii) flight performance and planning;
• (iii) aircraft general knowledge.

• (c) In order to extend the privileges to another variant within a class or type, the pilot shall complete differences training or familiarisation. Where applicable, that differences training or familiarisation shall comply with the operational suitability data established in accordance with Annex I (Part 21) to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012. The differences training shall be entered in the pilot’s logbook or into an equivalent record and be signed by the instructor. When extending the privileges for an SPG class to a variant with another type of engine, as specified in point (a)(1), the differences training shall consist of dual flight instruction and theoretical knowledge instruction which shall include, with regard to that other type of engine and related aircraft systems, at least all of the following:
• (1) operational procedures;
• (2) flight performance and planning;
• (3) aircraft general knowledge.

FCL.240.G GPL – Recency requirements

• (a) Holders of a GPL shall exercise the privileges of their licence in a specific class or type of gyroplane only if in the last 2 years they have met any of the following conditions as pilots of gyroplanes in the relevant class or type:
• (1) they have completed at least 12 hours of flight time as PIC or flying dual or solo under the supervision of an instructor, including:
• (i) 12 take-offs and landings;
• (ii) refresher training of at least 1 hour of total flight time with and to the satisfaction of an instructor who shall select those flight exercises that allow the applicant to refresh their competence in safely operating the aircraft and applying normal, abnormal and emergency procedures;
• (2) they have passed a GPL proficiency check with an examiner. The proficiency check programme shall be based on the skill test for the GPL.

• (b) Holders of a GPL with privileges for the SPG class who, in accordance with point FCL.235.G(c), have extended their privileges to a variant with a different type of engine as specified in point FCL.235.G(a) shall, if they have not flown that variant within the preceding 2 years, complete any of the following in that variant, before exercising their privileges in that variant:
• (1) further differences training in accordance with point FCL.235.G(c);
• (2) a proficiency check;
• (3) refresher training in accordance with point (a)(1)(ii).

• (c) The dual flights and the solo flights under supervision as per the introductory phrase of point (a)(1), the refresher training as per points (a)(1)(ii) and (b)(3), and the proficiency check as per point (a)(2) and (b)(2) shall be entered in the pilot’s logbook or equivalent record and shall be signed by the instructor or examiner, as applicable.

SUBPART D

COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE — CPL

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.300   CPL — Minimum age

An applicant for a CPL shall be at least 18 years of age.

FCL.305   CPL — Privileges and conditions

• (a) Privileges. The privileges of the holder of a CPL are, within the appropriate aircraft category, to:

• (1) exercise all the privileges of the holder of an LAPL and a PPL;

• (2) act as PIC or co-pilot of any aircraft engaged in operations other than commercial air transport;

• (3) act as PIC in commercial air transport of any single-pilot aircraft subject to the restrictions specified in FCL.060 and in this Subpart;

• (4) act as co-pilot in commercial air transport subject to the restrictions specified in FCL.060.

• (b) Conditions. An applicant for the issue of a CPL shall have fulfilled the requirements for the class or type rating of the aircraft used in the skill test.

FCL.310   CPL — Theoretical knowledge examinations

Applicants for the issue of a CPL shall demonstrate a level of knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted in the following subjects:

• (a) air law;

• (b) aircraft general knowledge — airframe/systems/power plant;

• (c) aircraft general knowledge — instrumentation;

• (d) mass and balance;

• (e) performance;

• (f) flight planning and monitoring;

• (g) human performance;

• (h) meteorology;

• (i) general navigation;

• (j) radio navigation;

• (k) operational procedures;

• (l) principles of flight; and

• (m) communications.

FCL.315   CPL — Training course

An applicant for a CPL shall have completed theoretical knowledge instruction and flight instruction at an ATO, in accordance with Appendix 3 to this Part.

FCL.320   CPL — Skill test

An applicant for a CPL shall pass a skill test in accordance with Appendix 4 to this Part to demonstrate the ability to perform, as PIC of the appropriate aircraft category, the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with the competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the aeroplane category — CPL(A)

FCL.315.A   CPL — Training course

Theoretical knowledge and flight instruction for the issue of a CPL(A) shall include upset prevention and recovery training.

FCL.325.A   CPL(A) – Specific requirements for applicants who hold an MPL

• (a) Applicants for a CPL(A) who hold an MPL shall have completed in aeroplanes:
• (1) 70 hours of flight time in one of the following ways:
• (i) as PIC;
• (ii) made up of at least 10 hours as PIC and the additional flight time as PIC under supervision (PICUS). Of those 70 hours, 20 hours shall be of VFR cross-country flight time as PIC, or cross-country flight time made up of at least 10 hours as PIC and 10 hours as PICUS. That shall include a VFR cross-country flight of at least 540 km (300 NM) in the course of which full-stop landings at two different aerodromes shall be flown as PIC;
• (2) the elements of the CPL(A) modular course as specified in Chapter E, point 10(a) and point 11, of Appendix 3;
• (3) the CPL(A) skill test, in accordance with point FCL.320.

• (b) When being issued with a CPL in accordance with point (a), applicants shall be subject to the following conditions:
• (1) comply with the requirements of point FCL.405.A(c) in order to have the privileges of their IR(A) extended to single-pilot operations in aeroplanes;
• (2) have the privileges of their type ratings restricted to exercise the privileges of a co-pilot only. That restriction shall be removed when applicants complete a proficiency check for the relevant type in accordance with Appendix 9 in the role of the PIC.

SUBPART E

MULTI-CREW PILOT LICENCE — MPL

FCL.400.A   MPL — Minimum age

An applicant for an MPL shall be at least 18 years of age.

FCL.405.A   MPL — Privileges

• (a) The privileges of the holder of an MPL are to act as co-pilot in an aeroplane required to be operated with a co-pilot.

• (b) Holders of an MPL shall, upon application:

• (1) be issued with additional privileges of the holder of a PPL(A), provided that they comply with the requirements for the PPL(A) specified in Subpart C;

• (2) have their MPL replaced by a CPL(A), provided that they comply with the requirements specified in point FCL.325.A.

• (c) The holder of an MPL shall have the privileges of his/her IR(A) limited to aeroplanes required to be operated with a co-pilot. The privileges of the IR(A) may be extended to single-pilot operations in aeroplanes, provided that the licence holder has completed the training necessary to act as PIC in single-pilot operations exercised solely by reference to instruments and passed the skill test of the IR(A) as a single-pilot.

FCL.410.A   MPL – Training course and theoretical knowledge examinations

(a) Course

Applicants for the issue of an MPL shall have completed a training course of theoretical knowledge and flight instruction at an ATO in accordance with Appendix 5 to this Annex (Part-FCL).

(b) Examination

Applicants for the issue of an MPL shall demonstrate a level of theoretical knowledge appropriate to the holders of an ATPL(A), in accordance with FCL.515, and to a multi-pilot type rating.

FCL.415.A   MPL — Practical skill

• (a) An applicant for an MPL shall have demonstrated through continuous assessment the skills required for fulfilling all the competency units specified in Appendix 5 to this Part, as pilot flying and pilot not flying, in a multi-engine turbine-powered multi-pilot aeroplane, under VFR and IFR.

• (b) On completion of the training course, the applicant shall pass a skill test in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part, to demonstrate the ability to perform the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with the competency appropriate to the privileges granted. The skill test shall be taken in the type of aeroplane used on the advanced phase of the MPL integrated training course or in an FFS representing the same type.

SUBPART F

AIRLINE TRANSPORT PILOT LICENCE — ATPL

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.500   ATPL — Minimum age

Applicants for an ATPL shall be at least 21 years of age.

FCL.505   ATPL — Privileges

• (a) The privileges of the holder of an ATPL are, within the appropriate aircraft category, to:

• (1) exercise all the privileges of the holder of an LAPL, a PPL and a CPL;

• (2) act as PIC of aircraft engaged in commercial air transport.

• (b) Applicants for the issue of an ATPL shall have fulfilled the requirements for the type rating of the aircraft used in the skill test.

FCL.515   ATPL — Training course and theoretical knowledge examinations

(a) Course

Applicants for an ATPL shall have completed a training course at an ATO. The course shall be either an integrated training course or a modular course, in accordance with Appendix 3 to this Annex (Part-FCL).

(b) Examination

Applicants for the issue of an ATPL shall demonstrate a level of knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted in the following subjects:

• (1) air law;

• (2) aircraft general knowledge — airframe/systems/power plant;

• (3) aircraft general knowledge — instrumentation;

• (4) mass and balance;

• (5) performance;

• (6) flight planning and monitoring;

• (7) human performance;

• (8) meteorology;

• (9) general navigation;

• (10) radio navigation;

• (11) operational procedures;

• (12) principles of flight; and

• (13) communications.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the aeroplane category — ATPL(A)

FCL.505.A   ATPL(A) — Restriction of privileges for pilots previously holding an MPL

When the holder of an ATPL(A) has previously held only an MPL, the privileges of the licence shall be restricted to multi-pilot operations, unless the holder has complied with FCL.405.A(b)(2) and (c) for single-pilot operations.

FCL.510.A   ATPL(A) — Prerequisites, experience and crediting

• (a) Prerequisites. Applicants for an ATPL(A) shall hold:

• (1) an MPL; or

• (2) a CPL(A) and a multi-engine IR for aeroplanes. In this case, the applicant shall also have received instruction in MCC.

• (b) Experience. Applicants for an ATPL(A) shall have completed a minimum of 1 500 hours of flight time in aeroplanes, including at least:

• (1) 500 hours in multi-pilot operations on aeroplanes;

• (2) - (i) 500 hours as PIC under supervision; or
• (ii) 250 hours as PIC; or
• (iii) 250 hours, including at least 70 hours as PIC, and the remaining as PIC under supervision;

• (3) 200 hours of cross-country flight time of which at least 100 hours shall be as PIC or as PIC under supervision;

• (4) 75 hours of instrument time of which not more than 30 hours may be instrument ground time; and

• (5) 100 hours of night flight as PIC or co-pilot.

Of the 1 500 hours of flight time, up to 100 hours of flight time may have been completed in an FFS and FNPT. Of these 100 hours, only a maximum of 25 hours may be completed in an FNPT.

• (c) Crediting.

• (1) Holders of a pilot licence for other categories of aircraft shall be credited with flight time up to a maximum of:
• (i) for TMG or sailplanes, 30 hours flown as PIC;
• (ii) for helicopters, 50 % of all the flight time requirements of paragraph (b).

• (2) Holders of a flight engineer licence issued in accordance with applicable national rules shall be credited with 50 % of the flight engineer time up to a maximum credit of 250 hours. These 250 hours may be credited against the 1 500 hours requirement of paragraph (b), and the 500 hours requirement of paragraph (b)(1), provided that the total credit given against any of these paragraphs does not exceed 250 hours.

• (3) Holders of a restricted type rating issued in accordance with point FCL.720.A(c) shall receive credits for their flight time completed while exercising the privileges of that type rating up to a maximum of 250 hours.

• (d) The experience required in (b) shall be completed before the skill test for the ATPL(A) is taken.

FCL.520.A   ATPL(A) — Skill test

Applicants for an ATPL(A) shall pass a skill test in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part to demonstrate the ability to perform, as PIC of a multi-pilot aeroplane under IFR, the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with the competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

The skill test shall be taken in the aeroplane or an adequately qualified FFS representing the same type.

SECTION 3

Specific requirements for the helicopter category — ATPL(H)

FCL.510.H   ATPL(H) – Prerequisites, experience and crediting

Applicants for an ATPL(H) shall:

• (a) hold a CPL(H);

• (b) have received instruction in MCC in accordance with point FCL.735.H;

• (c) have completed as a pilot of helicopters a minimum of 1 000 hours of flight time including at least:
• (1) 350 hours in multi-pilot operations in helicopters;
• (2) - (i) 250 hours as PIC; or
• (ii) 100 hours as PIC and 150 hours as PIC under supervision; or
• (iii) 250 hours as PIC under supervision in multi-pilot helicopters. In this case, the ATPL(H) privileges shall be limited to multi-pilot operations only, until 100 hours as PIC have been completed;
• (3) 200 hours of cross-country flight time of which at least 100 hours shall be as PIC or as PIC under supervision;
• (4) 30 hours of instrument time of which not more than 10 hours may be instrument ground time; and
• (5) 100 hours of night flight as PIC or as co-pilot. Of the 1 000 hours, a maximum of 100 hours may have been completed in an FSTD, of which not more than 25 hours may be completed in an FNPT;

• (d) flight time in aeroplanes shall be credited up to 50 % against the flight time requirements of point (c);

• (e) the experience required in point (c) shall be completed before the skill test for the ATPL(H) is taken;

• (f) applicants for an ATPL(H) shall receive a full credit for the requirement in point (b) when they comply with point FCL.720.H(a)(2)(ii) and, additionally, have received training at an ATO to meet the necessary standard for the successful completion of the course as per point FCL.735.H.

FCL.520.H   ATPL(H) — Skill test

Applicants for an ATPL(H) shall pass a skill test in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part to demonstrate the ability to perform as PIC of a multi-pilot helicopter the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with the competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

The skill test shall be taken in the helicopter or an adequately qualified FFS representing the same type.

SUBPART G

INSTRUMENT RATING — IR

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.600   IR — General

Except as provided in point FCL.835, operations under IFR on an aeroplane, helicopter, airship or powered-lift aircraft shall be conducted only by holders of a PPL, CPL, MPL and ATPL with an IR appropriate to the category of aircraft or, if an IR appropriate to the category of aircraft is not available, only while undergoing skill testing or dual instruction.

FCL.605   IR – Privileges and conditions

• (a) Privileges The privileges of holders of an IR are to fly aircraft under IFR, including PBN operations, with a minimum decision height of:
• (1) no less than 200 ft (60 m);
• (2) less than 200 ft (60 m), provided that they are authorised to do so in accordance with Annex V (Part-SPA) to Regulation (EU) No 965/2012.

• (b) Conditions
• (1) Holders of an IR shall exercise their privileges in accordance with the conditions established in Appendix 8 to this Annex.
• (2) To exercise privileges as PIC under IFR in multi-pilot operation in helicopters, holders of an IR(H) shall have at least 70 hours of instrument time, of which up to 30 hours may be instrument ground time.

FCL.610   IR — Prerequisites and crediting

Applicants for an IR shall:

• (a) hold:
• (1) at least a PPL in the appropriate aircraft category, and:
• (i) the privileges to fly at night in accordance with FCL.810, if the IR privileges will be used at night; or
• (ii) an ATPL in another category of aircraft; or
• (2) a CPL, in the appropriate aircraft category;

• (b) have completed at least 50 hours of cross-country flight time as PIC in aeroplanes, TMGs, helicopters or airships, of which at least 10 or, in the case of airships, 20 hours shall be in the relevant aircraft category;

• (c) Helicopters only. Applicants who have completed an ATP(H)/IR, ATP(H), CPL(H)/IR or CPL(H) integrated training course shall be exempted from the requirement in (b).

FCL.615   IR — Theoretical knowledge and flight instruction

(a) Course

Applicants for an IR shall have completed a course of theoretical knowledge and flight instruction at an ATO. The course shall be:

• (1) an integrated training course which includes training for the IR, in accordance with Appendix 3 to this Annex (Part-FCL); or

• (2) a modular course in accordance with Appendix 6 to this Annex (Part-FCL).

(b) Examination

Applicants shall demonstrate a level of theoretical knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted in the following subjects:

• (1) air law;

• (2) aircraft general knowledge — instrumentation;

• (3) flight planning and monitoring;

• (4) human performance;

• (5) meteorology;

• (6) radio navigation; and

• (7) communications.

FCL.620   IR – Skill test

Applicants for an IR shall pass a skill test in accordance with Appendix 7 to this Annex to demonstrate their ability to perform the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with a degree of competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

FCL.625   IR — Validity, revalidation and renewal

• (a)Validity

• An IR shall be valid for 1 year.

• (b)Revalidation

• (1) An IR shall be revalidated within the 3 months immediately preceding its expiry date by complying with the revalidation criteria for the relevant aircraft category.

• (2) If applicants choose to fulfil the revalidation requirements earlier than prescribed in point (1), the new validity period shall commence from the date of the proficiency check.

• (3) Applicants who fail to pass the relevant section of an IR proficiency check before the expiry date of the IR shall exercise the IR privileges only if they have passed the IR proficiency check.

• (4) Applicants for the revalidation of an IR shall receive full credits for the proficiency check as required in this Subpart when they complete EBT practical assessment in accordance with Appendix 10 related to the IR at an EBT operator.

• (c)Renewal

• If an IR has expired, in order to renew their privileges, applicants shall comply with all of the following:

• (1) in order to determine whether refresher training is necessary for the applicant to reach the level of proficiency needed to pass the instrument element of the skill test in accordance with Appendix 9, they shall undergo an assessment at either of the following organisations:
• (i) at an ATO;
• (ii) at an EBT operator that is specifically approved for such refresher training;

• (2) if deemed necessary by the organisation providing the assessment in accordance with point (1), they shall complete refresher training at that organisation;

• (3) after complying with point (1) and, as applicable, point (2), they shall pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 or complete EBT practical assessment in accordance with Appendix 10 in the relevant aircraft category. That EBT practical assessment may be combined with the refresher training specified in point (2);

• (4) they shall hold the relevant class or type rating unless specified otherwise in this Annex.

• (d)If the IR has not been revalidated or renewed in the preceding 7 years, applicants for the IR shall pass again the IR theoretical knowledge examination and skill test.

• (e)Holders of a valid IR on a pilot licence issued by a third country in accordance with Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention shall be exempted from complying with the requirements in points (c)(1), (c)(2) and (d) when renewing the IR privileges contained in licences issued in accordance with this Annex.

• (f)The proficiency check specified in point (c)(3) may be combined with a proficiency check performed for the renewal of the relevant class or type rating.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the aeroplane category

FCL.620.A   IR(A) – Skill test

• (a) For a multi-engine IR(A), the skill test shall be taken in a multi-engine aeroplane. For a single-engine IR(A), the test shall be taken in a single-engine aeroplane. A multi-engine centreline thrust aeroplane shall be considered a single-engine aeroplane for the purposes of this point.

• (b) Applicants who have completed a skill test for a multi-engine IR(A) in a single-pilot multi-engine aeroplane for which a class rating is required shall also be issued with a single-engine IR(A) for the single-engine aeroplane class or type ratings that they hold.

FCL.625.A   IR(A) — Revalidation

• (a) Revalidation.

To revalidate an IR(A), applicants shall:

• (1) hold the relevant class or type rating, unless the IR revalidation is combined with the renewal of the relevant class or type rating;

• (2) pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9, or complete EBT practical assessment in accordance with Appendix 10, if the IR revalidation is combined with the revalidation of a class or type rating;

• (3) if the IR revalidation is not combined with the revalidation of a class or type rating:
• (i) for single-pilot aeroplanes, complete section 3b and those parts of section 1 which are relevant to the intended flight of the proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Annex;
• (ii) for multi-engine aeroplanes, complete section 6 of the proficiency check for single-pilot aeroplanes in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Annex by sole reference to instruments.

• (4) An FNPT II or an FFS representing the relevant class or type of aeroplane may be used for the revalidation pursuant to point (3), provided that at least each alternate proficiency check for the revalidation of an IR(A) is performed in an aeroplane.

• (b) Cross-credit shall be given in accordance with Appendix 8 to this Part.

SECTION 3

Specific requirements for the helicopter category

FCL.625.H   IR(H) — Revalidation

• (a)To revalidate an IR(H), applicants shall:

• (1) hold the relevant type rating, unless the IR revalidation is combined with the renewal of the relevant type rating;

• (2) pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Annex for the relevant type of helicopter if the IR revalidation is combined with the revalidation of a type rating;

• (3) if the IR revalidation is not combined with the revalidation of a type rating, complete Section 5 and the relevant parts of Section 1 of the proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Annex for the relevant type of helicopter.

• (b)An FTD 2/3 or an FFS representing the relevant type of helicopter may be used for the proficiency check pursuant to point (a)(3), provided that at least each alternate proficiency check for the revalidation of an IR(H) is performed in a helicopter.

• (c)Cross-credit shall be given in accordance with Appendix 8 to this Annex.

FCL.630.H   IR(H) – Extension of the privileges of an IR(H) to further helicopter types

Unless specified otherwise in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Annex I (Part 21) to Commission Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, holders of an IR(H) who wish to extend their IR(H) privileges to further helicopter types shall, in addition to the relevant type rating training course, complete at an ATO 2 hours of flight training on the relevant type by sole reference to instruments according to IFR which may be conducted in an FFS or an FTD which appropriately represents the relevant type for IFR operation.

SECTION 4

Specific requirements for the airship category

FCL.620.As   IR(As) – Skill test

For a multi-engine IR(As), the skill test shall be taken in a multi-engine airship. For a single-engine IR(As), the test shall be taken in a single-engine airship.

FCL.625.As   IR(As) — Revalidation

Applicants for the revalidation of an IR(As):

• (a) when combined with the revalidation of a type rating, shall complete a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part, for the relevant type of airship;

• (b) when not combined with the revalidation of a type rating, shall complete section 5 and those parts of section 1 relevant to the intended flight of the proficiency check for airships in accordance with Appendix 9 of this part. In this case, an FTD 2/3 or FFS representing the relevant type may be used, but at least each alternate proficiency check for the revalidation of an IR(As) in these circumstances shall be performed in an airship.

SUBPART H

CLASS AND TYPE RATINGS

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.700   Circumstances in which class or type ratings are required

• (a) Holders of a pilot licence shall act as pilots of an aircraft only if they have a valid and appropriate class or type rating, unless any of the following applies:

• (1) they exercise the privileges of an LAPL or a GPL;

• (2) they take skill tests or proficiency checks for renewal of class or type ratings;

• (3) they receive flight instruction;