Regulation (EU) No 549/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on the European system of national and regional accounts in the European Union Text with EEA relevance

Changes in assets	Changes in assets	Changes in assets	Changes in liabilities and net worth	Changes in liabilities and net worth	Changes in liabilities and net worth
AN	Non-financial assets		AF	Financial liabilities	72
AN.2	Non-produced non-financial assets		AF.1	Monetary gold and SDRs	12
AN.21	Natural resources		AF.2	Currency and deposits	– 2
AN.22	Contracts, leases and licences		AF.3	Debt securities	23
AN.23	Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets		AF.4	Loans	35
			AF.5	Equity and investment fund shares/units	15
AF	Financial assets	54	AF.6	Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes	0
AF.1	Monetary gold and SDRs	1	AF.7	Financial derivatives and employee stock options	3
AF.2	Currency and deposits	11	AF.8	Other accounts payable	– 14
AF.3	Debt securities	13
AF.4	Loans	4
AF.5	Equity and investment fund shares/units	15
AF.6	Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes	0
AF.7	Financial derivatives and employee stock options	0
AF.8	Other accounts receivable	10
			B.10	Changes in net worth Due to:	– 6
			B.101	Current external balance and capital transfers	– 10
			B.102	Other changes in volume of assets	0
			B.103	Nominal holding gains/losses	4
			B.1031	Neutral holding gains/losses	6
			B.1032	Real holding gains/losses	– 2

V.IV.3:  closing balance sheet

Assets	Assets	Assets	Liabilities and net worth	Liabilities and net worth	Liabilities and net worth
AN	Non-financial assets		AF	Financial liabilities	1 346
AN.2	Non-produced non-financial assets		AF.1	Monetary gold and SDRs	782
AN.21	Natural resources		AF.2	Currency and deposits	114
AN.22	Contracts, leases and licences		AF.3	Debt securities	100
AN.23	Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets		AF.4	Loans	52
			AF.5	Equity and investment fund shares/units	218
AF	Financial assets	859	AF.6	Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes	25
AF.1	Monetary gold and SDRs	1	AF.7	Financial derivatives and employee stock options	10
AF.2	Currency and deposits	116	AF.8	Other accounts payable	45
AF.3	Debt securities	138
AF.4	Loans	74
AF.5	Equity and investment fund shares	360
AF.6	Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes	26
AF.7	Financial derivatives and employee stock options
AF.8	Other accounts receivable	144
			B.90	Net worth	– 475

GOODS AND SERVICES ACCOUNT (0)

• 8.78The purpose of the goods and services account is to show, by product group and for the total economy, the supply of products and their uses. The account is not part of the sequence of accounts, but rather an underpinning identity between the supply and use of products in the economy. It represents at aggregate level the matching of supply and use of products in the rows of the supply and use tables.

• 8.79It therefore shows, by product group and for the total economy, the resources (output and imports) and the uses of goods and services (intermediate consumption, final consumption, gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories, acquisitions less disposals of valuables, and exports).

• 8.80Given the way in which output is valued at basic prices and uses at purchasers' prices, taxes (less subsidies) on products must be included in the resources section.

• 8.81Uses are recorded on the right-hand side of the goods and services account and resources on the left, i.e. on the opposite side from that used in the current accounts for the institutional sectors, since the product flows are the counterparts of the monetary flows.

• 8.82The goods and services account is by definition in balance and, therefore, has no balancing item.

Table 8.17 —  Account 0: goods and services account

Resources	Resources	Resources	Uses	Uses	Uses
P.1	Output	3 604	P.2	Intermediate consumption	1 883
P.11	Market output	3 077	P.3	Final consumption expenditure	1 399
P.12	Output for own final use	147	P.31	Individual consumption expenditure	1 230
P.13	Non-market output	380	P.32	Collective consumption expenditure	169
D.21	Taxes on products	141	P.5g	Gross capital formation	414
D.31	Subsidies on products	– 8	P.511	Acquisitions less disposals of fixed assets	359
P.7	Imports of goods and services	499	P.5111	Acquisitions of new fixed assets	358
P.71	Imports of goods	392	P.5112	Acquisition of existing fixed assets	9
P.72	Imports of services	107	P.5113	Disposals of existing fixed assets	– 8
			P.512	Costs of ownership transfer on non-produced assets	17
			P.52	Change in inventories	28
			P.53	Acquisitions less disposals of valuables	10
			P.6	Exports of goods and services	540
			P.61	Exports of goods	462
			P.62	Exports of services	78

INTEGRATED ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS

• 8.83The integrated economic accounts give a concise overview of the accounts of an economy, namely the current accounts, accumulation accounts and balance sheets.

• They bring together in the same table the accounts of all the institutional sectors, the total economy and the rest of the world, and balance all the flows and all the assets and liabilities. They also enable the aggregates to be read off directly.

• 8.84In the table of integrated economic accounts, uses, assets and changes in assets are recorded on the left-hand side, while resources, liabilities, changes in liabilities and net worth are recorded on the right-hand side.

• 8.85To make the table readable while giving a picture of the whole economic process, the levels of aggregation used are the highest compatible with an understanding of the structure of the system.

• 8.86The columns in the table represent the institutional sectors, namely: non-financial corporations, financial corporations, general government, non-profit institutions serving households, and households. There are also a column for the total economy, a column for the rest of the world, and a column which balances uses and resources of goods and services.

• 8.87The rows in the table represent the various categories of transactions, assets and liabilities, balancing items and certain aggregates

Integrated economic accounts

Current accounts

Uses	Uses	Uses	Uses	Uses	Uses	Uses	Uses	Uses	Uses
				S.1	S.15	S.14	S.13	S.12	S.11
Accounts	Total	Goods and service (res)	RoW	Total economy	NPISHs	Households	General government	Financial corporations	Non-financial corporations		Transactions and other flows stocks and balancing items
I. Production/external account of goods and services	499	499								P.7	Imports of goods and services
I. Production/external account of goods and services	540		540							P.6	Exports of goods and services
I. Production/external account of goods and services	3 604	3 604								P.1	Output
I. Production/external account of goods and services	1 883			1 883	17	115	222	52	1 477	P.2	Intermediate consumption
I. Production/external account of goods and services	133	133								D.21-D.31	Taxes less subsidies on products
I. Production/external account of goods and services	1 854			1 854	15	155	126	94	1 331	B.1g/B.1*g	Value added, gross/gross domestic product
I. Production/external account of goods and services	222			222	3	23	27	12	157	P.51c	Consumption of fixed capital
I. Production/external account of goods and services	1 632			1 632	12	132	99	82	1 174	B.1n/B.1*n	Value added, net/net domestic product
I. Production/external account of goods and services	– 41		– 41							B.11	External balance of goods and services
I. Production/external account of goods and services	II.1.1.  Generation of income account	1 150			1 150	11	11	98	44	986	D.1	Compensation of employees
I. Production/external account of goods and services	II.1.1.  Generation of income account	191		0	191						D.2-D.3	Taxes less subsidies on production and imports
133	II.1.1.  Generation of income account		0	133						D.21-D.31	Taxes less subsidies on products
58	II.1.1.  Generation of income account		0	58	1	– 1	1	4	53	D.29-D.39	Other taxes less subsidies on production
452	II.1.1.  Generation of income account			452	3	84	27	46	292	B.2g	Operating surplus, gross
61	II.1.1.  Generation of income account			61		61				B.3g	Mixed income, gross
238	II.1.1.  Generation of income account			238	0	69	0	34	135	B.2n	Operating surplus, net
53	II.1.1.  Generation of income account			53		53				B.3n	Mixed income, net
II.1.2  Allocation of primary income account	435		44	391	6	41	42	168	134	D.4	Property income
II.1.2  Allocation of primary income account	1 864			1 864	4	1 381	198	27	254	B.5g/B.5*g	Balance of primary incomes, gross/national income, gross
II.1.2  Allocation of primary income account	1 642			1 642	1	1 358	171	15	97	B.5n/B.5*n	Balance of primary incomes, net/national income, net
II.2  Secondary distribution of income account	213		1	212	0	178	0	10	24	D.5	Current taxes on income, wealth etc.
II.2  Secondary distribution of income account	333		0	333		333				D.61	Net social contributions
II.2  Secondary distribution of income account	384		0	384	5	0	112	205	62	D.62	Social benefits other than transfers in kind
II.2  Secondary distribution of income account	299		16	283	2	71	136	62	12	D.7	Other current transfers
II.2  Secondary distribution of income account	1 826			1 826	37	1 219	317	25	228	B.6g	Disposable income, gross
II.2  Secondary distribution of income account	1 604			1 604	34	1 196	290	13	71	B.6n	Disposable income, net
II.3  Redistribution of income in kind account	215			215	31		184			D.63	Social transfers in kind
II.3  Redistribution of income in kind account	1 826			1 826	6	1 434	133	25	228	B.7g	Adjusted disposable income, gross
II.3  Redistribution of income in kind account	1 604			1 604	3	1 411	106	13	71	B.7n	Adjusted disposable income, net
II.4  Use of income account										B.6g	Disposable income, gross
II.4  Use of income account										B.6n	Disposable income, net
II.4  Use of income account	1 399			1 399	1	1 230	168			P.4	Actual final consumption
II.4  Use of income account	1 399			1 399	32	1 015	352			P.3	Final consumption expenditure
II.4  Use of income account	11		0	11	0		0	11	0	D.8	Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
II.4  Use of income account	427			427	5	215	– 35	14	228	B.8g	Saving, gross
II.4  Use of income account	205			205	2	192	– 62	2	71	B.8n	Saving, net
II.4  Use of income account	– 13		– 13							B.12	Current external balance
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Resources	Resources	Resources	Resources	Resources	Resources	Resources	Resources	Resources	Resources	Resources	Resources
		S.11	S.12	S.13	S.14	S.15	S.1
	Transactions and other flows stocks and balancing items	Non-financial corporations	Financial corporations	General government	Households	NPISHs	Total economy	RoW	Goods and service (uses)	Total	Accounts
P.7	Imports of goods and services							499		499	I. Production/external account of goods and services
P.6	Exports of goods and services								540	540	I. Production/external account of goods and services
P.1	Output	2 808	146	348	270	32	3 604			3 604	I. Production/external account of goods and services
P.2	Intermediate consumption								1 883	1 883	I. Production/external account of goods and services
D.21-D.31	Taxes less subsidies on products						133			133	I. Production/external account of goods and services
B.1g/B.1*g	Value added, gross/gross domestic product	1 331	94	126	155	15	1 854			1 854	II.1.1.  Generation of income account II.1.2  Allocation of primary income account
P.51c	Consumption of fixed capital	157	12	27	23	3	222			222	II.1.1.  Generation of income account II.1.2  Allocation of primary income account
B.1n/B.1*n	Value added, net/net domestic product	1 174	82	99	132	12	1 632			1 632	II.1.1.  Generation of income account II.1.2  Allocation of primary income account
B.11	External balance of goods and services							– 41		– 41	II.1.1.  Generation of income account II.1.2  Allocation of primary income account
D.1	Compensation of employees				1 154		1 154	2		1 156	II.1.1.  Generation of income account II.1.2  Allocation of primary income account
D.2-D.3	Taxes less subsidies on production and imports			191			191	0		191	II.1.1.  Generation of income account II.1.2  Allocation of primary income account
D.21-D.31	Taxes less subsidies on products			133			133	0		133	II.1.1.  Generation of income account II.1.2  Allocation of primary income account
D.29-D.39	Other taxes less subsidies on production			58			58	0		58	II.1.1.  Generation of income account II.1.2  Allocation of primary income account
B.2g	Operating surplus, gross	292	46	27	84	3	452			452	II.1.1.  Generation of income account II.1.2  Allocation of primary income account
B.3g	Mixed income, gross				61		61			61	II.1.1.  Generation of income account II.1.2  Allocation of primary income account
B.2n	Operating surplus, net	135	34	0	69	0	238			238	II.1.1.  Generation of income account II.1.2  Allocation of primary income account
B.3n	Mixed income, net				53		53			53	II.1.1.  Generation of income account II.1.2  Allocation of primary income account
D.4	Property income	96	149	22	123	7	397	38		435	II.1.1.  Generation of income account II.1.2  Allocation of primary income account
B.5g	Balance of primary incomes, gross/national income, gross	254	27	198	1 381	4	1 864			1 864	II.2  Secondary distribution of income account
B.5n/B.5*n	Balance of primary incomes, net/national income, net	97	15	171	1 358	1	1 642			1 642	II.2  Secondary distribution of income account
D.5	Current taxes on income, wealth etc.			213			213	0		213	II.2  Secondary distribution of income account
D.61	Net social contributions	66	213	50	0	4	333	0		333	II.2  Secondary distribution of income account
D.62	Social benefits other than social transfers in kind				384		384	0		384	II.2  Secondary distribution of income account
D.7	Other current transfers	6	62	104	36	36	244	55		299	II.2  Secondary distribution of income account
B.6g	Disposable income, gross	228	25	317	1 219	37	1 826			1 826	II.3  Redistribution of income in kind account
B.6n	Disposable income, net	71	13	290	1 196	34	1 604			1 604	II.3  Redistribution of income in kind account
D.63	Social transfers in kind				215		215			215	II.3  Redistribution of income in kind account
B.7g	Adjusted disposable income, gross	228	25	133	1 434	6	1 826			1 826	II.4  Use of income account
B.7n	Adjusted disposable income, net	71	13	106	1 411	3	1 604			1 604	II.4  Use of income account
B.6g	Disposable income, gross	228	25	317	1 219	37	1 826			1 826	II.4  Use of income account
B.6n	Disposable income, net	71	13	290	1 196	34	1 604			1 604	II.4  Use of income account
P.4	Actual final consumption								1 399	1 399	II.4  Use of income account
P.3	Final consumption expenditure								1 399	1 399	II.4  Use of income account
D.8	Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements				11		11	0		11	II.4  Use of income account
B.8g	Saving, gross										II.4  Use of income account
B.8n	Saving, net										II.4  Use of income account
B.12	Current external balance										II.4  Use of income account

Integrated economic accounts

Accumulation accounts

Changes in assets	Changes in assets	Changes in assets	Changes in assets	Changes in assets	Changes in assets	Changes in assets	Changes in assets	Changes in assets	Changes in assets	Changes in assets	Changes in assets
				S.1	S.15	S.14	S.13	S.12	S.11
Accounts	Total	Goods and service (res)	RoW	Total economy	NPISHs	Households	General government	Financial corporations	Non-financial corporations		Transactions and other flows stocks and balancing items
III.1.1  Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers account										B.8n	Saving, net
III.1.1  Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers account										B.12	Current external balance
III.1.1  Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers account										D.9r	Capital transfers, receivable
III.1.1  Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers account										D.9p	Capital transfers, payable (–)
III.1.1  Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers account	192		– 29	221	20	236	– 81	– 16	62	B.101	Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
III.1.2  Acquisition of non-financial assets account	414			414	5	55	38	8	308	P.5g	Gross capital formation
III.1.2  Acquisition of non-financial assets account	– 222			– 222	– 3	– 23	– 27	– 12	– 157	P.51c	Consumption of fixed capital (–)
III.1.2  Acquisition of non-financial assets account	28			28	0	2	0	0	26	P.52	Changes in inventories
III.1.2  Acquisition of non-financial assets account	10			10	0	5	3	0	2	P.53	Acquisitions less disposals of valuables
III.1.2  Acquisition of non-financial assets account	0		0	0	1	4	2	0	– 7	NP	Acquisitions less disposals of non-produced assets
III.1.2  Acquisition of non-financial assets account	0		– 10	10	– 4	174	– 103	– 1	– 56	B.9	Net lending (+)/net borrowing(–)
III.2  Financial account	483		47	436	2	189	– 10	172	83	F	Net acquisition of financial assets\
III.2  Financial account	0		1	– 1			0	– 1		F.1	Monetary gold and SDRs
III.2  Financial account	100		11	89	2	64	– 26	10	39	F.2	Currency and deposits
III.2  Financial account	95		9	86	– 1	10	4	66	7	F.3	Debt securities
III.2  Financial account	82		4	78	0	3	3	53	19	F.4	Loans
III.2  Financial account	119		12	107	0	66	3	28	10	F.5	Equity and investment fund shares
III.2  Financial account	48		0	48	0	39	1	7	1	F.6	Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
III.2  Financial account	14		0	14	0	3	0	8	3	F.7	Financial derivatives and employee stock options
III.2  Financial account	25		10	15	1	4	5	1	4	F.8	Other accounts receivable/payable
III.3.1  Other changes in volume of assets account	33			33	0	0	7	0	26	K.1	Economic appearance of assets
III.3.1  Other changes in volume of assets account	– 11			– 11	0	0	– 2		– 9	K.2	Economic disappearance of non-produced assets
III.3.1  Other changes in volume of assets account	– 11			– 11	0	0	– 6	0	– 5	K.3	Catastrophic losses
III.3.1  Other changes in volume of assets account	0			0	0	0	5	0	– 5	K.4	Uncompensated seizures
III.3.1  Other changes in volume of assets account	2			2	0	2	0	1	1	K.5	Other changes in volume n.e.c.
III.3.1  Other changes in volume of assets account	0			0	0	0	– 4	– 2	6	K.6	Changes in classification
III.3.1  Other changes in volume of assets account	13			13	0	0	0	– 1	14		Other volume changes, total
III.3.1  Other changes in volume of assets account											Of which
III.3.1  Other changes in volume of assets account	– 7			– 7	0	0	– 3	– 2	– 2	AN.1	Produced non-financial assets
	17			17	0	0	3	0	14	AN.2	Non-produced non-financial assets
	3			3	0	0	0	1	2	AF	Financial assets/liabilities
										B.102	Changes in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets
III.3.2  Revaluation account										K.7	Nominal holding gains/losses
III.3.2  Revaluation account	280			280	8	80	44	4	144	AN	Non-financial assets
III.3.2  Revaluation account	126			126	5	35	21	2	63	AN.1	Produced non-financial assets
III.3.2  Revaluation account	154		0	154	3	45	23	2	81	AN.2	Non-produced non-financial assets
III.3.2  Revaluation account	91		7	84	2	16	1	57	8	AF	Financial assets/liabilities
III.3.2  Revaluation account										B.103	Changes in net worth due to nominal holding gains (+)/losses (–)
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Changes in liabilities and net worth	Changes in liabilities and net worth	Changes in liabilities and net worth	Changes in liabilities and net worth	Changes in liabilities and net worth	Changes in liabilities and net worth	Changes in liabilities and net worth	Changes in liabilities and net worth	Changes in liabilities and net worth	Changes in liabilities and net worth	Changes in liabilities and net worth	Changes in liabilities and net worth
		S.11	S.12	S.13	S.14	S.15	S.1
	Transactions and other flows stocks and balancing items	Non-financial corporations	Financial corporations	General government	Households	NPISHs	Total economy	RoW	Goods and service (uses)	Total	Accounts
B.8n	Saving, net	71	2	– 62	192	2	205			205	II.1.1  Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers account
B.12	Current external balance							– 13		– 13	II.1.1  Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers account
D.9r	Capital transfers, receivable	33	0	6	23	0	62	4		66	II.1.1  Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers account
D.9p	Capital transfers, payable (–)	– 16	– 7	– 34	– 5	– 3	– 65	– 1		– 66	II.1.1  Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers account
B.101	Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers	88	– 5	– 90	210	– 1	202	– 10		192	II.1.2  Acquisition of non-financial assets account
P.5g	Gross capital formation								414	414	II.1.2  Acquisition of non-financial assets account
P.51c	Consumption of fixed capital (–)								– 222		II.1.2  Acquisition of non-financial assets account
P.52	Changes in inventories								28	28	II.1.2  Acquisition of non-financial assets account
P.53	Acquisitions less disposals of valuables								10	10	II.1.2  Acquisition of non-financial assets account
NP	Acquisitions less disposals of non-produced assets								0		II.1.2  Acquisition of non-financial assets account
B.9	Net lending (+)/net borrowing(–)	– 56	– 1	– 103	174	– 4	10	– 10		0	III.2  Financial account
F	Net incurrence of liabilities	139	173	93	15	6	426	57		483	III.2  Financial account
F.1	Monetary gold and SDRs										III.2  Financial account
F.2	Currency and deposits		65	37			102	– 2		100	III.2  Financial account
F.3	Debt securities	6	30	38	0	0	74	21		95	III.2  Financial account
F.4	Loans	21	0	9	11	6	47	35		82	III.2  Financial account
F.5	Equity and investment fund shares	83	22				105	14		119	III.2  Financial account
F.6	Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes		48	0			48	0		48	III.2  Financial account
F.7	Financial derivatives and employee stock options	3	8	0	0	0	11	3		14	III.2  Financial account
F.8	Other accounts receivable/payable	26		9	4		39	– 14		25	III.2  Financial account
K.1	Economic appearance of assets										II.3.1  Other changes in volume of assets account
K.2	Economic disappearance of non-produced assets										II.3.1  Other changes in volume of assets account
K.3	Catastrophic losses										II.3.1  Other changes in volume of assets account
K.4	Uncompensated seizures										II.3.1  Other changes in volume of assets account
K.5	Other changes in volume n.e.c.	0	0	0	1	0	1			1	II.3.1  Other changes in volume of assets account
K.6	Changes in classification	0	0	2	0	0	2			2	II.3.1  Other changes in volume of assets account
	Total other volume changes	0	0	2	1	0	3			3	II.3.1  Other changes in volume of assets account
	Of which										II.3.1  Other changes in volume of assets account
AN.1	Produced non-financial assets										II.3.1  Other changes in volume of assets account
AN.2	Non-produced non-financial assets										II.3.1  Other changes in volume of assets account
AF	Financial assets/liabilities	0	0	2	1	0	3			3	II.3.1  Other changes in volume of assets account
B.102	Changes in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets	14	– 1	– 2	– 1	0	10			10	II.3.1  Other changes in volume of assets account
K.7	Nominal holding gains/losses										II.3.2  Revaluation account
AN	Non-financial assets										II.3.2  Revaluation account
AN.1	Produced non-financial assets										II.3.2  Revaluation account
AN.2	Non-produced non-financial assets										II.3.2  Revaluation account
AF	Financial assets/liabilities	18	51	7	0	0	76	15		91	II.3.2  Revaluation account
B.103	Changes in net worth due to nominal holding gains (+)/losses (–)	134	10	38	96	10	288	4		292	II.3.2  Revaluation account

Integrated economic accounts

Balance sheets

Assets

				S.1	S.15	S.14	S.13	S.12	S.11
Accounts	Total	Goods and service (res.)	RoW	Total economy	NPISHs	Households	General government	Financial corporations	Non-financial corporations		Transactions and other flows stocks and balancing items
IV.1  Opening balance sheet	4 621			4 621	159	1 429	789	93	2 151	AN	Non-financial assets
IV.1  Opening balance sheet	2 818			2 818	124	856	497	67	1 274	AN.1	Produced non-financial assets
IV.1  Opening balance sheet	1 803			1 803	35	573	292	26	877	AN.2	Non-produced non-financial assets
IV.1  Opening balance sheet	9 036		805	8 231	172	3 260	396	3 421	982	AF	Financial assets/liabilities
IV.1  Opening balance sheet										B.90	Net worth
IV.2  Changes in balance sheet											Total changes in assets
IV.2  Changes in balance sheet	480			480	11	115	57	– 4	301	AN	Non-financial assets
IV.2  Changes in balance sheet	294			294	7	67	29	– 4	195	AN.1	Produced non-financial assets
IV.2  Changes in balance sheet	186			186	4	48	28	0	106	AN.2	Non-produced non-financial assets
IV.2  Changes in balance sheet	577		54	523	4	205	– 9	230	93	AF	Financial assets/liabilities
IV.2  Changes in balance sheet										B.10	Changes in net worth, total
IV.2  Changes in balance sheet										B.101	Saving and capital transfers
IV.2  Changes in balance sheet										B.102	Other changes in volume of assets
IV.2  Changes in balance sheet										B.103	Nominal holding gains (+)/losses(–)
IV.3  Closing balance sheet	5 101			5 101	170	1 544	846	89	2 452	AN	Non-financial assets
IV.3  Closing balance sheet	3 112			3 112	131	923	526	63	1 469	AN.1	Produced non-financial assets
IV.3  Closing balance sheet	1 989			1 989	39	621	320	26	983	AN.2	Non-produced non-financial assets
IV.3  Closing balance sheet	9 613		859	8 754	176	3 465	387	3 651	1 075	AF	Financial assets/liabilities
IV.3  Closing balance sheet										B.90	Net worth

Liabilities and net worth

		S.11	S.12	S.13	S.14	S.15	S.1
	Transactions and other flows stocks and balancing items	Non-financial corporations	Financial corporations	General government	Households	NPISHs	Total economy	RoW	Goods and service (uses)	Total	Accounts
AN	Non-financial assets										IV.1  Opening balance sheet
AN.1	Produced non-financial assets										IV.1  Opening balance sheet
AN.2	Non-produced non-financial assets										IV.1  Opening balance sheet
AF	Financial assets/liabilities	3 221	3 544	687	189	121	7 762	1 274		9 036	IV.1  Opening balance sheet
B.90	Net worth	– 88	– 30	498	4 500	210	5 090	– 469		4 621	IV.1  Opening balance sheet
	Total changes in assets										IV.2  Changes in balance sheet
AN	Non-financial assets										IV.2  Changes in balance sheet
AN.1	Produced non-financial assets										IV.2  Changes in balance sheet
AN.2	Non-produced non-financial assets										IV.2  Changes in balance sheet
AF	Financial assets/liabilities	157	224	102	16	6	505	72		577	IV.2  Changes in balance sheet
B.10	Changes in net worth, total	237	4	– 54	304	9	500	– 6		494	IV.2  Changes in balance sheet
B.101	Saving and capital transfers	88	– 5	– 90	210	– 1	202	– 10		192	IV.2  Changes in balance sheet
B.102	Other changes in volume of assets	14	– 1	– 2	– 1	0	10			10	IV.2  Changes in balance sheet
B.103	Nominal holding gains (+)/losses(–)	134	10	38	96	10	288	4		292	IV.2  Changes in balance sheet
AN	Non-financial assets										IV.3  Closing balance sheet
AN.1	Produced non-financial assets										IV.3  Closing balance sheet
AN.2	Non-produced non-financial assets										IV.3  Closing balance sheet
AF	Financial assets/liabilities	3 378	3 768	789	205	127	8 267	1 346		9 613	IV.3  Closing balance sheet
B.90	Net worth	149	– 26	444	4 804	219	5 590	– 475		5 115	IV.3  Closing balance sheet

AGGREGATES

• 8.88The aggregates are summary indicators of the result of the activity of the total economy and key magnitudes for purposes of macroeconomic analysis and comparisons over time and space.

Gross domestic product at market prices (GDP)

• 8.89Gross domestic product at market prices is the final result of the production activity of resident producer units. It can be defined in three ways:

• (a) production approach: GDP is the sum of gross value added of the various institutional sectors or the various industries plus taxes and less subsidies on products (which are not allocated to sectors and industries). It is also the balancing item in the total economy production account;

• (b) expenditure approach: GDP is the sum of final uses of goods and services by resident institutional units (final consumption and gross capital formation), plus exports and minus imports of goods and services;

• (c) income approach: GDP is the sum of uses in the total economy generation of income account (compensation of employees, taxes on production and imports less subsidies, gross operating surplus and mixed income of the total economy).

• 8.90By deducting consumption of fixed capital from GDP, we obtain net domestic product at market prices (NDP).

Operating surplus of the total economy

• 8.91The gross (or net) operating surplus of the total economy is the sum of the gross (or net) operating surpluses of the various industries or the various institutional sectors.

Mixed income of the total economy

• 8.92The gross (or net) mixed income of the total economy is identical to the gross (or net) mixed income of the households sector.

Entrepreneurial income of the total economy

• 8.93The gross (or net) entrepreneurial income of the total economy is the sum of the gross (or net) entrepreneurial incomes of the various sectors.

National income (at market prices)

• 8.94Gross (or net) national income (at market prices) represents total primary income receivable by resident institutional units: compensation of employees, taxes on production and imports less subsidies, property income (receivable less payable), (gross or net) operating surplus and (gross or net) mixed income.

• Gross national income (at market prices) equals GDP minus primary income payable by resident institutional units to non-resident institutional units plus primary income receivable by resident institutional units from the rest of the world.

• National income is not a production concept but an income concept, which is more significant if expressed in net terms, i.e. after deduction of the consumption of fixed capital.

National disposable income

• 8.95Gross (or net) national disposable income is the sum of the gross (or net) disposable incomes of the institutional sectors. Gross (or net) national disposable income equals gross (or net) national income (at market prices) minus current transfers (current taxes on income, wealth etc., social contributions, social benefits and other current transfers) payable to non-resident units, plus current transfers receivable by resident units from the rest of the world.

Saving

• 8.96This aggregate measures the portion of national disposable income that is not used for final consumption expenditure. Gross (or net) national saving is the sum of the gross (or net) savings of the various institutional sectors.

Current external balance

• 8.97The balancing item in the external account of primary income and current transfers represents the surplus (if it is negative) or the deficit (if it is positive) of the total economy on its current transactions (trade in goods and services, primary incomes, current transfers) with the rest of the world

Net lending (+) or borrowing (–) of the total economy

• 8.98The net lending (+) or borrowing (–) of the total economy is the sum of the net lending or borrowing of the institutional sectors. It represents the net resources that the total economy makes available to the rest of the world (if it is positive) or receives from the rest of the world (if it is negative). The net lending (+) or borrowing (–) of the total economy is equal but of opposite sign to the net borrowing (–) or lending (+) of the rest of the world.

Net worth of the total economy

• 8.99The net worth of the total economy is the sum of the net worth of the institutional sectors. It represents the value of the non-financial assets of the total economy minus the balance of financial assets and liabilities of the rest of the world.

General government expenditure and revenue

General government expenditure and revenue are defined by reference to a list of the ESA categories.

• 8.100Government expenditure comprises the following ESA categories, recorded under the use side of general government accounts, with the exception of D.3 which is recorded under the resource side of general government accounts:

• P.2 Intermediate consumption

• P.5 Gross capital formation

• D.1 Compensation of employees

• D.29 Other taxes on production, payable

• D.3 Subsidies, payable

• D.4 Property income, payable

• D.5 Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.

• D.62 Social benefits other than social transfers in kind

• D.632 Social transfers in kind - purchased market production

• D.7 Other current transfers

• D.8 Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements

• D.9p Capital transfers, payable

• NP Acquisitions less disposals of non-produced assets

• Government revenue comprises the following ESA categories, recorded under the resource side of general government accounts, with the exception of D.39 which is recorded under the use side of general government accounts:

• P.11 Market output

• P.12 Output for own final use

• P.131 Payments for non-market output

• D.2 Taxes on production and imports, receivable

• D.39 Other subsidies on production, receivable

• D.4 Property income, receivable

• D.5 Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.

• D.61 Net social contributions

• D.7 Other current transfers

• D.9r Capital transfers, receivable

• By definition, the difference between general government revenue and general government expenditure is net lending (+)/net borrowing (–) of the general government sector.

• The transactions D.41 (interest), D.73 (current transfers within general government), D.92 (investment grants) and D.99 (other capital transfers) are consolidated. The other transactions are not consolidated.

CHAPTER 9

SUPPLY AND USE TABLES AND THE INPUT-OUTPUT FRAMEWORK

INTRODUCTION

• 9.01The purpose of this Chapter is to provide an overview of supply and use tables and of the input-output framework.

• 9.02The core of the input-output framework is the supply and use tables in current prices and prices of the previous year. The framework is completed by the symmetric input-output tables which are derived from the supply and use tables by using assumptions or additional data.

• The supply and use and symmetric input-output tables can be extended and modified for specific purposes such as productivity accounts, labour accounts, quarterly accounts, regional accounts and environmental accounts in monetary or physical terms.

• 9.03Supply and use tables are matrices describing the values of transactions in products for the national economy categorised by product type and industry. These tables show:

• (a) the structure of the costs of production, and the income generated in the production process;

• (b) the flows of goods and services produced within the national economy;

• (c) the flows of goods and services between the domestic economy and the rest of the world; for analysis in a European context, a distinction is required between intra-EU flows and flows with countries outside the EU.

• 9.04A supply table shows the supply of goods and services by product and by producing industry, and distinguishes supply amongst domestic industries and imports. A schematic outline of a supply table is given in Table 9.1.

Table 9.1 —  Schematic outline of a supply table

Supplies	Producing industries	Rest of the world	Totals
Products	Output values	Import values	Total supply by product
Totals	Total industry output	Total imports	Total supply

• 9.05A use table shows the use of goods and services categorised by product and by type of use. The uses shown in the columns are as follows:

• (a) intermediate consumption by industry;

• (b) final consumption expenditure: households, government and NPISH;

• (c) gross capital formation; and

• (d) exports.

• In the columns under the intermediate consumption by industry, the table shows the components of gross value-added, as follows:

• (a) compensation of employees;

• (b) other taxes less subsidies on production;

• (c) net mixed income, net operating surplus and consumption of fixed capital.

• A schematic outline of a use table is given in Table 9.2 below.

Table 9.2 —  Schematic outline of a use table

Uses	Industries	Final consumption	Gross capital formation	Rest of the world	Total
Products
Total	Intermediate consumption	Final consumption	Gross capital formation	Exports	Total use
Components of value added	Compensation of employees Other taxes less subsidies Net operating surplus Consumption of fixed capital

• 9.06In the supply and use tables the following identities apply:

• (a) for each industry, output equals intermediate consumption plus gross value added;

• (b) for each product, supply equals the sum of all uses, shown in balanced rows in the supply and use framework. This identity is valid only when supply and use are on the same valuation basis, i.e. both at purchasers' prices or both at basic prices (see paragraphs 9.30 to 9.33). Accordingly, for each product: supply at purchasers' prices is equal to output of the product at basic prices plus imports at basic prices plus trade and transport margins plus taxes less subsidies on products which is equal to use of the product at purchasers' prices, which is equal to intermediate demand for the product plus final consumption expenditure plus gross capital formation plus exports. At the level of the total economy, total intermediate demand is equal to total intermediate consumption, trade and transport margins sum to zero over the whole economy as they are matched by the output of the margin industries, and so this identity can be stated as: output + imports + taxes on products less subsidies on products = Intermediate consumption + final consumption +gross capital formation + exports therefore output – intermediate consumption + taxes on products less subsidies on products = final consumption + gross capital formation + exports less imports which shows the equivalence of the production and expenditure approaches to measuring GDP;

• (c) gross value-added as the difference between output and intermediate consumption by industry. It is identical to the sum of the incomes generated. So gross value-added equals the sum of compensation of employees, consumption of fixed capital, net operating surplus/mixed income, and other taxes less subsidies on production. This enables the consistency of the income approach to measuring GDP to be checked with the production approach.

• 9.07Supply and use tables are the central framework for industry analyses, such as analysis of output, value added, compensation of employees, employment, operating surplus/mixed income, taxes (less subsidies) on production, gross fixed capital formation, consumption of fixed capital and capital stock.

• 9.08The supply and use tables contain the flows in the following accounts:

• (a) the goods and services account;

• (b) the production account;

• (c) the generation of income account.

• These accounts show the generation of income and the supply and use of goods and services by institutional sector. The supply and use tables can complement this information by showing a breakdown by industry and by showing volume and price changes. The information by institutional sector in the sector accounts and the information by industry in the supply and use tables can be linked by a cross-classification table such as that given in Table 9.3 below.

Table 9.3 —  Table linking supply and use tables to sector accounts

	Industries (NACE)	Total
Sector
S.11  Non-financial corporations
Intermediate consumption
Gross value added
Compensation of employees
Other taxes less subsidies on production
Consumption of fixed capital
Net operating surplus/mixed income
Output
Gross fixed capital formation
Stock of fixed assets
Employment
S.12  Financial corporations
Intermediate consumption
…
Employment
S.13  General government
S.14  Households
S.142  Own-account workers
Services of owner-occupied dwellings
S.15  NPISH
Sector totals
Intermediate consumption
…
Employment

• 9.09A symmetric input-output table is shown in Table 9.4, and is a matrix showing how supply matches uses using a product-by-product or industry-by-industry categorisation of output and the detailed transactions of intermediate consumption and final uses. There is one major conceptual difference between a symmetric input-output table and a use table: in the use table, the entries show how products are used by industries in intermediate consumption, whereas in a symmetric input-output table there are two alternative presentations:

• (a) the entries show how products are used as intermediate consumption to make products; or

• (b) the entries show how the outputs of industry are used in the intermediate consumption of other industries to create the industrial output.

• Accordingly, in a symmetric input-output table either a product or an industry classification is employed for both rows and columns.

Table 9.4 —  Schematic outline of a symmetric input-output table, for products

	Products produced	Final consumption	Gross capital formation	Rest of the world	Total
Products used	Intermediate consumption	Final consumption of households, NPISHs and government	Gross capital formation	Exports
Totals
Components of gross value added
Rest of the world
Total

• 9.10Most statistical information that can be obtained from producer units indicates what type of products they have produced and sold and, usually in less detail, what type of products they have bought and used. The format of the supply and use tables is designed to fit in with this type of statistical information (i.e. products used by industry).

• 9.11By contrast, information of a product-by-product or industry-by-industry nature as required by the symmetric input-output table is not often available. For example, surveys of industries usually provide information about the type of products used in production, and about the products produced and sold. Information on inputs used in making specific products is usually not available.

• 9.12Information arranged in the form of supply and use tables is the starting point for constructing the more analytical form of symmetric input-output tables. The industry by product information in the supply and use tables can be converted into symmetric tables, by adding extra information on the input structures, or by assuming identical input structures or market shares by product or by industry.

• 9.13Supply and use tables and the input-output framework combine three different roles:

• — description,

• — statistical tool,

• — tool for analysis.

DESCRIPTION

• 9.14Supply and use tables give a systematic description of the generation of income and supply of product, and use by industry. Developments of the inputs and outputs of production processes of individual industries are shown in the context of the national economy, i.e. related to the production processes of other domestic industries and the rest of the world and final consumption expenditure.

• A major role of supply and use tables is to show changes in the structure of the economy, e.g. changes in the importance of various industries, changes in the inputs used and outputs produced and changes in the composition of final consumption expenditure, gross capital formation, imports and exports. Such changes may reflect developments such as globalisation, outsourcing, innovation and changes in labour costs, taxes, oil prices and exchange rates.

• Supply and use tables in prices of the previous year are used to compile GDP volume growth statistics, for describing changes in economic structure in nominal or volume terms. They also provide a framework in which to present national price changes and changes in labour costs.

STATISTICAL TOOL

• 9.15Using information on production, expenditure and income in the construction of supply and use tables, and reconciling inconsistent estimates, generates a reliable and balanced set of national accounts, including the estimates of key aggregates such as GDP in current prices and prices of the previous year.

• 9.16In measuring GDP at market prices, three basic approaches can be adopted: the production approach, the expenditure approach and the income approach. These three different approaches are used in the compilation of the supply and use tables as follows:

• (a) according to the production approach, GDP at market prices is equal to output at basic prices minus intermediate consumption at purchasers' prices, plus taxes (less subsidies) on products;

• (b) according to the expenditure approach, GDP at market prices is equal to the sum of final use categories minus imports: final consumption expenditure + gross capital formation + exports – imports;

• (c) according to the income approach, GDP at market prices is equal to the sum of compensation of employees, consumption of fixed capital, other taxes less subsidies on production and net operating surplus/mixed income, plus taxes less subsidies on products.

• A single estimate of GDP at market prices is derived when the supply and use tables are balanced.

• 9.17The supply and use tables are, in particular, useful for estimating GDP at market prices according to the production approach and expenditure approach. Major data sources for this are business surveys and administrative data such as VAT records and excise duties. Supply and use tables are used to combine information from the production and expenditure approaches by calculating and balancing supply and use at the product level. In this method, supply of a specific product is calculated and allocated to various uses, such as final consumption expenditure of households, intermediate consumption and exports. The income method does not provide the same robust balancing exercise, as operating surplus and mixed income are usually estimated as a residual on the basis of information from the other two approaches. However, the income method improves the balancing when the structure of the factor income components can be estimated. The consistency of supply and use tables with the sector accounts can be checked through linkage tables as shown in Table 9.3. This confrontation can help in the estimation of GDP at market prices, by comparing information from the profit-and-loss accounts of companies with the equivalent industry estimates.

• 9.18The supply and use tables serve a variety of statistical purposes:

• (a) identifying gaps and inconsistencies in data sources;

• (b) making estimates by residual, for example estimating the final consumption of specific products as a residual after other uses of the products have been allocated;

• (c) making estimates by extrapolating figures from a base period to later periods for which less reliable information is available. For example, annual figures may be estimated on the basis of the detailed supply and use figures for a benchmark year, and later quarterly figures can be estimated by extrapolating from the reference period;

• (d) checking and improving the consistency, plausibility and completeness of figures in the supply and use tables and derived figures such as those in the production accounts. To this end, the balancing process is not limited to supply and use tables at current prices:
• (1) with the aid of the tables such as Table 9.3 showing the linkage with the sector accounts, a direct comparison can be made between production, expenditure and income estimates from the supply and use system, and those from independent sources used in the sector accounts. Reconciliation at this stage guarantees that, following the supply and use balancing process, consistency is obtained between the supply and use tables and the sector accounts;
• (2) deriving symmetric input-output tables from the supply and use tables can give feedback revealing inconsistencies and weaknesses in the supply and use tables.
• (3) by compiling supply and use tables at current prices and in volume terms for two or more years, estimates of changes in volumes, values and prices can be balanced simultaneously: compared to compiling and balancing supply and use tables for a single year in isolation at current prices only, this is a major extension of the effectiveness of the supply and use framework;

• (e) weighting and calculation of index numbers and price and volume measures, e.g. of GDP by deflating final uses by product or of GDP by applying the double-deflation method by industry. Deflation is carried out at the lowest possible level of aggregation of transactions, consistent with reliable estimates of price movements, for the following reasons:
• (1) generally speaking, price and volume indicators will be more representative at a low level of aggregation;
• (2) quality change can be measured better at a lower level of aggregation, e.g. changes in the composition of the supply or use of a product group can be taken into account;
• (3) available price indices from price statistics are often of the Laspeyres type. The objection that they are applied in place of the theoretically more appropriate Paasche type is less severe if they are used at a low level of aggregation.

• Balancing of supply and use of a product is easier when the number of products distinguished is higher and the source data is available at this level of detail. The quality of the balanced results will be higher; this is in particular true when there are data gaps.

TOOL FOR ANALYSIS

• 9.19A major analytic strength of input-output tables is that they enable the measurement of not only first order effects when there are, for example, changes in energy prices or labour costs, but also second order and more indirect effects. For example, a significant increase in energy prices will affect not only those industries that use energy intensively, but also those industries that use the outputs of energy-intensive producers. Such indirect effects can be highly relevant, as they are sometimes more significant than the direct effects.

SUPPLY AND USE TABLES IN MORE DETAIL

Classifications

• 9.20The classification used for industries in supply, use and input-output tables is the NACE and the classification employed for products is the CPA; these classifications are fully aligned to each other: at each level of aggregation, the CPA shows the principal products of the industries according to the NACE.

• 9.21In the supply and use tables, the classification for products is at least as detailed as the classification for industries, e.g. the three-digit level of the CPA and the two digit-level of the NACE.

• 9.22Industry and product classifications can be based on three different types of criteria: supply-criteria, demand-criteria and size. For productivity analysis, products and their producers are in principle classified by type of production process. For analysis of demand, products are classified by similarity of purpose, for example luxury goods are grouped together, or similarity of marketing relationship such as the sales outlet type. For input-output analysis, the same classification of products or industries is used for supply and demand. The classification is defined in such a way that the size of each class is not too small or too large a part of the national economy. For international classifications, this implies that the quantitative importance of most of the classes is substantial in many countries.

• 9.23The industry and product classifications in the national accounts are necessarily based on a mixture of such criteria and also the legacy of history. They are mainly defined from a producers' point of view, and so less well suited to analysing supply and demand. Compilers and users of national accounts data on industries and products should have a good notion of what is actually included and excluded in each of the groups and their implications. For example, the industry real estate activities include the services of owner-occupied dwellings and the industry insurance excludes social security funds.

• 9.24Local KAUs within one industry can have different production processes. This may reflect substantial differences in vertical integration, with ancillary activities such as cleaning, transport, administration and canteen services contracted out, machinery rented, labour contracted in via temporary agencies, and marketing. It may also reflect differences between legal and illegal producers or between producers in different regions.

• 9.25Due to the changing economic importance of different industries and products, changes in production processes and the appearance of new products, the industry and product classifications are updated regularly. However, a balance has to be struck between keeping abreast of changes in the economy, and the need for comparability of data over time combined with the costs involved of such major changes for the producers and users of the data.

• 9.26The product classification in the supply and use tables is generally more detailed than the industry classification. There are four major reasons for this:

• (a) available data on products are often much more detailed than those on industries;

• (b) the characteristic output of one industry may be subject to substantially different tax regimes and prices, for example when there is price discrimination. Compilation and analysis benefit from different products being distinguished;

• (c) to enable high quality deflation and the estimation of measures in volume terms, the product groups are homogeneous and well linked to the available price deflators;

• (d) to ensure a transparent compilation process, separate products are needed to reveal major specific national accounts conventions, such as the services of owner-occupied dwellings, insurance and the market and non-market output by government units.

• 9.27The distinction between market output, output for own final use and non-market output is only to be used for the total output by industry; the distinction is not required for each product group.

• 9.28The distinction between market producers, producers for own final use and non-market producers is used for industry when such different types of producers are present. In general, this distinction will therefore only be used for sub-classifying a very limited number of industries such as health care and education.

• 9.29For analysing the economy of Member States from a European perspective or for deriving supply and use tables for the whole EU, imports and exports are subdivided into:

• (a) intra-EU flows, distinguishing between within the European Monetary Union and with other Member States;

• (b) imports and exports with non-EU countries.

Valuation principles

• 9.30In the supply table, flows of goods and services are valued at basic prices. In the use table, the flows of goods and services are valued at purchasers' prices. In order to have a consistent valuation for the supply and use tables, Table 9.5 shows the transition of supply at basic prices to supply at purchasers' prices. As supply equals use for products, two identities now hold:

• (a) supply at purchasers' prices is equal to use at purchasers' prices;

• (b) supply at basic prices is equal to use at basic prices.

• 9.31Gross value added is recorded at basic prices. It is output valued at basic prices less intermediate consumption valued at purchasers' prices.

• 9.32Gross value added at factor cost is not a concept used in the ESA. It can be derived from value added at basic prices by subtracting other taxes (less subsidies) on production.

• 9.33The transition from supply at basic prices to purchasers' prices involves:

• (a) reallocating trade margins;

• (b) reallocating transport margins;

• (c) adding taxes on products (except deductible VAT);

• (d) deducting subsidies on products.

• A similar transition applies to transforming use at purchasers' prices into use at basic prices; however, this will amount to deducting taxes on products and adding subsidies on products. Tables 9.8 and 9.9 show the transition in more detail. These tables also serve analytical purposes, such as analysis of prices and analysis of the consequences of changes in the rates of taxes on products.

• 9.34Thus, the following tables result from the balancing process:

• (a) supply and use Tables 9.5 and 9.6 showing the final results of balancing totals of supply and use by products at purchasers' prices;

• (b) the tables on trade and transport margins (Table 9.7) and on taxes (less subsidies) on products (Table 9.8).

Table 9.5 —  Supply table at basic prices, and the transformation into purchasers' prices

Supplies	Industries (NACE)	Rest of the world	Total supply at basic prices	Trade and transport margins	Taxes less subsidies on products	Total supply at purchasers' prices
Products (CPA) 1 2 3 4	Output by product and industry	Imports by product (CIF)	Total supply by product
Total	Total output by industry			0
Market output				0
Output for own final use		0		0
Non-market output				0

Table 9.6 —  Use table at purchasers' prices

Uses	Industries (NACE)	Final consumption	Gross capital formation	Rest of the world	Total
Products (CPA) 1 2 3 4 …	Intermediate consumption of products by industry	Final consumption expenditure by product and by (a) households (b) NPISH (c) government	Gross capital formation by product and by (a) gross fixed capital formation (b) changes in valuables (c) changes in inventories	Exports by product (FOB)	Total use by product
Total	Total intermediate consumption by industry	Total final consumption	Total gross capital formation	Total exports	Total use of products
Compensation of employees Other taxes less subsidies on production Consumption of fixed capital Net operating surplus Mixed income	Gross value added components by industry
Total	Total inputs by industry
Supplementary information Gross fixed capital formation Fixed capital stock Employment

Trade and transport margins

Table 9.7 —  Trade and transport margins — supply

	Trade and transport margins on the supply of products	Trade and transport margins on the supply of products	Trade and transport margins on the supply of products
	Wholesale trade	Retail trade	Transport	Trade and transport margins
Products (CPA) 1 2 3 4				Trade and transport margins on total supply by product
Total	Total wholesale trade	Total retail trade	Total transport	Total margins on supply by product

Table 9.7 —  Trade and transport margins — use (continued)

	Trade and transport margins on the use of products	Trade and transport margins on the use of products	Trade and transport margins on the use of products	Trade and transport margins on the use of products	Trade and transport margins on the use of products	Trade and transport margins on the use of products
		Industries (NACE)	Final consumption	Gross capital formation	Exports	Trade and transport margins
Products (CPA) 1 2 3 4		Trade and transport margins on intermediate consumption by product and by industry	Trade and transport margins on final consumption expenditure by product and by (a) households (b) NPISH (c) government	Trade and transport margins on gross capital formation by product and by (a) gross fixed capital formation (b) changes in valuables (c) changes in inventories	Trade and transport margins on exports	Trade and transport margins on total use by product
Total		Trade and transport margins on intermediate consumption, total by industry	Total trade and transport margins on final consumption	Total trade and transport margins on gross capital formation	Total trade and transport margins on exports	Total margins on use by product

• 9.35Part of the transition of supply tables from basic prices to purchasers' prices, and the transition of use tables at purchasers' prices into basic prices, is the reallocation of trade margins. Valuation at basic prices implies that the trade margins are recorded as part of the product trade, while valuation at purchasers' prices implies that the trade margins are allocated to the products to which they apply. The same situation holds for transport margins.

• 9.36The total of trade margins by product is equal to the total of trade margins by the trade industries plus the trade margins by other industries. The same identity holds for transport margins.

• 9.37Transport margins include transportation costs paid separately by the purchaser and included in the use of products at purchasers' prices but not in the basic prices of a manufacturers' output or in the trade margins of wholesale or retail traders. Such transport margins include in particular:

• (a) transport of goods from where they are manufactured to where the purchaser takes delivery of them, in the event that the manufacturer pays a third party for the transport and provided that this amount is invoiced separately to the purchaser;

• (b) transport of goods arranged by the manufacturer or by the wholesale or retail trader in such a way that the purchaser has to pay separately for the transport costs even when the transport is carried out by the manufacturer or the wholesale or retail trader themselves.

• 9.38All other costs of transporting goods are not recorded as transport margins, e.g.: