Regulation (EU) No 374/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on the reduction or elimination of customs duties on goods originating in Ukraine

Type Regulation
Publication 2014-04-22
Last updated 2014-11-02
State Expired
Department Council of the European Union, European Parliament
Source EUR-Lex
articles 7
Reform history JSON API
1

(1)Linear increase in 5 years.

Appendix to Annex I (8)

This Appendix summarizes the aggregate quantities as set out in Annex I, where applicable.

Indicative aggregate TRQs for imports into the EU

Product Tariff classification Quantity
Beef meat 0201 10 (00) 0201 20 (20-30-50-90) 0201 30 (00) 0202 10 (00) 0202 20 (10-30-50-90) 0202 30 (10-50-90) 12 000 tons/year expressed in net weight
Pork meat 0203 11 (10) 0203 12 (11-19) 0203 19 (11-13-15-55-59) 0203 21 (10) 0203 22 (11-19) 0203 29 (11-13-15-55-59) 20 000 tons/year expressed in net weight + 20 000 tons/year expressed in net weight (for the CN codes 020311 (10) 0203 12 (19) 0203 19 (11-15-59) 0203 21 (10) 0203 22 (19) 0203 29 (11-15-59))
Sheep meat 0204 22 (50-90) 0204 23 (00) 0204 42 (30-50-90) 0204 43 (10-90) 1 500 tons/year expressed in net weight with linear increase in 5 years to 2 250 tons/year expressed in net weight
Poultry meat and poultry meat preparations 0207 11 (30-90) 0207 12 (10-90) 0207 13 (10-20-30-50-60-99) 0207 14 (10-20-30-50-60-99) 0207 24 (10-90) 0207 25 (10-90) 0207 26 (10-20-30-50-60-70-80-99) 0207 27 (10-20-30-50-60-70-80-99) 0207 32 (15-19-51-59-90) 0207 33 (11-19-59-90) 0207 35 (11-15-21-23-25-31-41-51-53-61-63-71-79-99) 0207 36 (11-15-21-23-31-41-51-53-61-63-79-90) 0210 99 (39) 1602 31 (11-19-30-90) 1602 32 (11-19-30-90) 1602 39 (21) 16 000 tons/year expressed in net weight with linear increase in 5 years to 20 000 tons/year expressed in net weight + 20 000 tons/year expressed in net weight (for the CN code 020712 (10-90))
Milk, cream, condensed milk and yogurts 0401 10 (10-90) 0401 20 (11-19-91-99) 0401 30 (11-19-31-39-91-99) 0402 91 (10-30-51-59-91-99) 0402 99 (10-31-39-91-99) 0403 10 (11-13-19-31-33-39) 0403 90 (51-53-59-61-63-69) 8 000 tons/year expressed in net weight with linear increase in 5 years to 10 000 tons/year expressed in net weight
Milk powder 0402 10 (11-19-91-99) 0402 21 (11-17-19-91-99) 0402 29 (11-15-19-91-99) 0403 90 (11-13-19-31-33-39) 0404 90 (21-23-29-81-83-89) 1 500 tons/year expressed in net weight with linear increase in 5 years to 5 000 tons/year expressed in net weight
Butter and dairy spreads 0405 10 (11-19-30-50-90) 0405 20 (90) 0405 90 (10-90) 1 500 tons/year expressed in net weight with linear increase in 5 years to 3 000 tons/year expressed in net weight
Eggs and albumins 0407 00 (30) 0408 11 (80) 0408 19 (81-89) 0408 91 (80) 0408 99 (80) 3502 11 (90) 3502 19 (90) 3502 20 (91-99) 1 500 tons/year expressed in shell-egg equivalent with linear increase in 5 years to 3 000 tons/year expressed in shell-egg equivalent + 3 000 tons/year expressed in net weight (for the CN code 040700 (30))
Honey 0409 00 (00) 5 000 tons/year expressed in net weight with linear increase in 5 years to 6 000 tons/year expressed in net weight
Garlic 0703 20 (00) 500 tons/year expressed in net weight
Sugars 1701 12 (10-90) 1701 91 (00) 1701 99 (10-90) 1702 20 (10) 1702 90 (30-50-71-75-79-80-95) 20 700 tons/year expressed in net weight
Other Sugars 1702 30 (10-50-90) 1702 40 (10-90) 1702 60 (10-80-95) 10 000 tons/year expressed in net weight with linear increase in 5 years to 20 000 tons/year expressed in net weight
Sugar syrups 2106 90 (30-55-59) 2 000 tons/year expressed in net weight
Common wheat, flours, and pellets 1001 90 (99) 1101 00 (15-90) 1102 90 (90) 1103 11 (90) 1103 20 (60) 950 000 tons/year with linear increase in 5 years to 1 000 000 tons/year
Barley, flour and pellets 1003 00 (90) 1102 90 (10) 1103 20 (20) 250 000 tons/year with linear increase in 5 years to 350 000 tons/year
Oats 1004 00 (00) 4 000 tons/year
Maize, flour and pellets 1005 90 (00) 1102 20 (10-90) 1103 13 (10-90) 1103 20 (40) 1104 23 (10-30-90-99) 400 000 tons/year with linear increase in 5 years to 650 000 tons/year
Barley groats and meal; cereal grains otherwise worked 1103 19 (30-90) 1103 20 (90) 1104 19 (10-50-61-69) 1104 29 (01-03-05-07-09-11-18-30-51-59-81-89) 1104 30 (10-90) 6 300 tons/year with linear increase in 5 years to 7 800 tons/year
Malt and wheat gluten 1107 10 (11-19-91-99) 1107 20 (00) 1109 00 (00) 7 000 tons/year
Starches 1108 11 (00) 1108 12 (00) 1108 13 (00) 10 000 tons/year
Starch processed 3505 10 (10-90) 3505 20 (30-50-90) 1 000 tons/year expressed in net weight with linear increase in 5 years to 2 000 tons/year expressed in net weight
Bran, shaps and residues 2302 10 (10-90) 2302 30 (10-90) 2302 40 (10-90) 2303 10 (11) 16 000 tons/year with linear increase in 5 years to 21 000 tons/year
Mushrooms 0711 51 (00) 2003 10 (20-30) 500 tons/year expressed in net weight + 500 tons/year expressed in net weight (for the CN code 071151 (00))
Processed tomatoes 2002 10 (10-90) 2002 90 (11-19-31-39-91-99) 10 000 tons/year expressed in net weight
Grape and Apple juice 2009 61 (90) 2009 69 (11-71-79-90) 2009 71 (20-99) 2009 79 (11-19-30-91-93-99) 10 000 tons/year expressed in net weight with linear increase in 5 years to 20 000 tons/year expressed in net weight
Fermented-milk processed products 0403 10 (51-53-59-91-93-99) 0403 90 (71-73-79-91-93-99) 2 000 tons/year expressed in net weight
Processed butter products 0405 20 (10-30) 250 tons/year expressed in net weight
Sweetcorn 0710 40 (00) 0711 90 (30) 2001 90 (30) 2004 90 (10) 2005 80 (00) 1 500 tons/year expressed in net weight
Sugar processed products 1702 50 (00) 1702 90 (10) 1704 90 (99) (for sugar content ≥70 %) 1806 10 (30-90) 1806 20 (95) (for sugar content ≥ 70 %) 1901 90 (99) (for sugar content ≥ 70 %) 2101 12 (98) 2101 20 (98) 3302 10 (29) 2 000 tons/year expressed in net weight with linear increase in 5 years to 3 000 tons/year expressed in net weight
Cereal processed products 1903 00 (00) 1904 30 (00) 2 000 tons/year expressed in net weight
Milk-cream processed products 1806 20 (70) 2106 10 (80) 2202 90 (99) 300 tons/year expressed in net weight with linear increase in 5 years to 500 tons/year expressed in net weight
Food preparations 2106 90 (98) 2 000 tons/year expressed in net weight
Ethanol 2207 10 (00) 2208 90 (91-99) 2207 20 (00) 27 000 tons/year expressed in net weight with linear increase in 5 years to 100 000 tons/year expressed in net weight
Cigars and Cigarettes 2402 10 (00) 2402 20 (90) 2 500 tons/year expressed in net weight
Mannitol-sorbitol 2905 43 (00) 2905 44 (11-19-91-99) 3824 60 (11-19-91-99) 100 tons/year expressed in net weight
Malt-starch processed products 3809 10 (10-30-50-90) 2 000 tons/year expressed in net weight

ANNEX II

Notwithstanding the rules for the interpretation of the Combined Nomenclature, the wording of the description of the products is to be considered as having no more than an indicative value, the scope of the preferential scheme being determined, within the context of this Annex, by CN codes as they exist on 23 April 2014.

Order No CN code Description of goods Quantity for the quota period running from 23.4.2014 until 31.12.2014 (in tonnes net weight unless otherwise specified) Quantity for the quota period running from 1.1.2015 until 31.12.2015 (in tonnes net weight unless otherwise specified)
09.3050 0204 22 50 0204 22 90 Sheep legs, other cuts with bone in (excluding carcasses and half carcasses, short forequarters and chines and/or best ends), fresh or chilled 1 500 1 500
09.3050 0204 23 Boneless meat of sheep, fresh or chilled 1 500 1 500
09.3050 0204 42 30 0204 42 50 0204 42 90 Frozen cuts of sheep, with bone in (excluding carcasses and half-carcasses, and short forequarters) 1 500 1 500
09.3050 0204 43 10 Frozen meat of lamb, boneless 1 500 1 500
09.3050 0204 43 90 Frozen meat of sheep, boneless 1 500 1 500
09.3051 0409 Natural honey 5 000 5 000
09.3052 1701 12 Raw beet sugar not containing added flavouring or colouring matter 20 070 20 070
09.3052 1701 91 1701 99 Other sugar than raw sugar 20 070 20 070
09.3052 1702 20 10 Maple sugar in solid form, containing added flavouring or colouring matter 20 070 20 070
09.3052 1702 90 30 Isoglucose in solid form, containing in the dry state 50 % by weight of fructose 20 070 20 070
09.3052 1702 90 50 Maltodextrine in solid form and maltodextrine syrup, containing in the dry state 50 % by weight of fructose 20 070 20 070
09.3052 1702 90 71 1702 90 75 1702 90 79 Caramel 20 070 20 070
09.3052 1702 90 80 Inulin syrup 20 070 20 070
09.3052 1702 90 95 Other sugars, including invert sugar and other sugar and sugar syrup blends containing in the dry state 50 % by weight of fructose 20 070 20 070
09.3053 1702 30 1702 40 Glucose and glucose syrup, not containing fructose or containing in the dry state less than 50 % by weight of fructose, excluding invert sugar 10 000 10 000
09.3053 1702 60 Other fructose and fructose syrup, containing in the dry state more than 50 % by weight of fructose, excluding invert sugar 10 000 10 000
09.3054 2106 90 30 Flavoured or coloured isoglucose syrups 2 000 2 000
09.3054 2106 90 55 Flavoured or coloured glucose syrup and maltodextrine syrup 2 000 2 000
09.3054 2106 90 59 Flavoured or coloured sugar syrups (excl. isoglucose, lactose, glucose and maltodextrine syrups) 2 000 2 000
09.3055 ex 1103 19 20 Barley groats 6 300 6 300
09.3055 1103 19 90 Groats and meals of cereals (excl. wheat, rye, oats, maize, rice and barley) 6 300 6 300
09.3055 1103 20 90 Cereal pellets (excl. wheat, rye, oats, maize, rice and barley) 6 300 6 300
09.3055 1104 19 10 Rolled or flaked wheat grains 6 300 6 300
09.3055 1104 19 50 Rolled or flaked maize grains 6 300 6 300
09.3055 1104 19 61 Rolled barley grains 6 300 6 300
09.3055 1104 19 69 Flaked barley grains 6 300 6 300
09.3055 1104 29 Worked grains (for example, hulled, pearled, sliced or kibbled), other than of oats, of rye or of maize 6 300 6 300
09.3055 1104 30 Germ of cereals, whole, rolled, flaked or ground 6 300 6 300
09.3056 1107 Malt, whether or not roasted 7 000 7 000
09.3056 1109 Wheat gluten, whether or not dried 7 000 7 000
09.3057 1108 11 Wheat starch 10 000 10 000
09.3057 1108 12 Maize starch 10 000 10 000
09.3057 1108 13 Potato starch 10 000 10 000
09.3058 3505 10 10 3505 10 90 Dextrins and other modified starches (excl. starches, esterified or etherified) 1 000 1 000
09.3058 3505 20 30 3505 20 50 3505 20 90 Glues containing, by weight, 25 % or more of starches or dextrins or other modified starches 1 000 1 000
09.3059 2302 10 2302 30 2302 40 10 2302 40 90 Bran, sharps and other residues, whether or not in the form of pellets, derived from the sifting, milling or other working of cereals (excl. those of rice) 16 000 16 000
09.3059 2303 10 11 Residues from the manufacture of starch from maize (excluding concentrated steeping liquors), of a protein content, calculated on the dry product exceeding 40 % by weight 16 000 16 000
09.3060 0711 51 Mushrooms of the genus Agaricus provisionally preserved (for example, by sulphur dioxide gas, in brine, in sulphur water or in other preservative solutions), but unsuitable in that state for immediate consumption 500 500
09.3060 2003 10 Mushrooms of the genus Agaricus, prepared or preserved otherwise than by vinegar or acetic acid 500 500
09.3061 0711 51 Mushrooms of the genus Agaricus provisionally preserved (for example, by sulphur dioxide gas, in brine, in sulphur water or in other preservative solutions), but unsuitable in that state for immediate consumption 500 500
09.3062 2002 Tomatoes prepared or preserved otherwise than by vinegar or acetic acid 10 000 10 000
09.3063 2009 61 90 Grape juice (including grape must), of a Brix value not exceeding 30, of a value exceeding 18 EUR per 100 kg net weight 10 000 10 000
09.3063 2009 69 11 Grape juice (including grape must), of a Brix value exceeding 67, of a value not exceeding 22 EUR per 100 kg net weight 10 000 10 000
09.3063 2009 69 71 2009 69 79 2009 69 90 Grape juice (including grape must), of a Brix value exceeding 30 but not exceeding 67, of a value not exceeding 18 EUR per 100 kg net weight 10 000 10 000
09.3063 2009 71 2009 79 Apple juice 10 000 10 000
09.3064 0403 10 51 0403 10 53 0403 10 59 0403 10 91 0403 10 93 0403 10 99 0403 90 71 0403 90 73 0403 90 79 0403 90 91 0403 90 93 0403 90 99 Buttermilk, curdled milk and cream, yogurt, kephir and other fermented or acidified milk and cream, concentrated or not, flavoured or containing added fruit, nuts or cocoa 2 000 2 000
09.3065 0405 20 10 0405 20 30 Dairy spreads of a fat content, by weight, of 39 % or more but not exceeding 75 % 250 250
09.3066 0710 40 0711 90 30 2001 90 30 2004 90 10 2005 80 Sweetcorn 1 500 1 500
09.3067 1702 50 Chemically pure fructose 2 000 2 000
09.3067 1702 90 10 Chemically pure maltose 2 000 2 000
09.3067 ex 1704 90 99 Other sugar confectionery, not containing cocoa, containing 70 % or more by weight of sucrose 2 000 2 000
09.3067 1806 10 30 1806 10 90 Cocoa powder, containing 65 % or more by weight of sucrose or isoglucose expressed as sucrose 2 000 2 000
09.3067 ex 1806 20 95 Other preparations in blocks, slabs or bars weighing more than 2 kg or in liquid, paste, powder, granular or other bulk in containers or immediate packings, of a content exceeding 2 kg, containing less than 18 % by weight of cocoa butter and 70 % or more by weight of sucrose 2 000 2 000
09.3067 ex 1901 90 99 Other food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 % of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, containing 70 % or more by weight of sucrose 2 000 2 000
09.3067 2101 12 98 2101 20 98 Preparations with a basis of coffee, tea or maté 2 000 2 000
09.3067 3302 10 29 Mixtures of odoriferous substances and mixtures with a basis of one or more of these substances, of a kind used in the drink industries, containing all flavouring agents characterising a beverage, of an actual alcoholic strength by volume not exceeding 0,5 % 2 000 2 000
09.3068 1903 Tapioca and substitutes therefor prepared from starch, in the form of flakes, grains, pearls, siftings or similar forms 2 000 2 000
09.3068 1904 30 Bulgur wheat 2 000 2 000
09.3069 1806 20 70 Chocolate milk crumb 300 300
09.3069 2106 10 80 Other protein concentrates and textured protein substances 300 300
09.3069 2202 90 99 Non-alcoholic beverages other than waters, containing 2 % or more by weight of fat obtained from the products of headings 0401 to 0404 300 300
09.3070 2106 90 98 Other food preparations not elsewhere specified or included 2 000 2 000
09.3071 2207 10 2208 90 91 2208 90 99 Undenatured ethyl alcohol 27 000 27 000
09.3071 2207 20 Ethyl alcohol and other spirits, denatured, of any strength 27 000 27 000
09.3072 2402 10 Cigars, cheroots and cigarillos, containing tobacco 2 500 2 500
09.3072 2402 20 90 Cigarettes containing tobacco, not containing cloves 2 500 2 500
09.3073 2905 43 Mannitol 100 100
09.3073 2905 44 D-glucitol (sorbitol) 100 100
09.3073 3824 60 Sorbitol other than that of subheading 2905 44 100 100
09.3074 3809 10 10 3809 10 30 3809 10 50 3809 10 90 Finishing agents, dye carriers to accelerate the dyeing or fixing of dyestuffs and other products and preparations (for example, dressings and mordants), of a kind used in the textile, paper, leather or like industries, not elsewhere specified or included, with a basis of amylaceous substances 2 000 2 000
09.3075 0703 20 Garlic, fresh or chilled 500 500
09.3076 1004 Oats 4 000 4 000

ANNEX III

Tariff rate quotas for specific agricultural products referred to in Article 3(3)

Product Tariff classification Quantity for the quota period running from 23.4.2014 until 31.12.2014 Quantity for the quota period running from 1.1.2015 until 31.12.2015
Beef meat 0201.10. (00 ) 0201.20. (20 -30 -50 -90 ) 0201.30. (00 ) 0202.10. (00 ) 0202.20. (10 -30 -50 -90 ) 0202.30. (10 -50 -90 ) 12 000 tonnes/year expressed in net weight 12 000 tonnes/year expressed in net weight
Pork meat 0203.11. (10 ) 0203.12. (11 -19 ) 0203.19. (11 -13 -15 -55 -59 ) 0203.21. (10 ) 0203.22. (11 -19 ) 0203.29. (11 -13 -15 -55 -59 ) 20 000 tonnes/year expressed in net weight + 20 000 tonnes/year expressed in net weight (for the CN codes 0203.11. (10 ) 0203.12. (19 ) 0203.19. (11 -15 -59 ) 0203.21. (10 ) 0203.22. (19 ) 0203.29. (11 -15 -59 )) 20 000 tonnes/year expressed in net weight + 20 000 tonnes/year expressed in net weight (for the CN codes 0203.11. (10 ) 0203.12. (19 ) 0203.19. (11 -15 -59 ) 0203.21. (10 ) 0203.22. (19 ) 0203.29. (11 -15 -59 ))
Poultrymeat and poultrymeat preparations 0207.11. (30 -90 ) 0207.12. (10 -90 ) 0207.13. (10 -20 -30 -50 -60 -99 ) 0207.14. (10 -20 -30 -50 -60 -99 ) 0207.24. (10 -90 ) 0207.25. (10 -90 ) 0207.26. (10 -20 -30 -50 -60 -70 -80 -99 ) 0207.27. (10 -20 -30 -50 -60 -70 -80 -99 ) 0207.32. (15 -19 -51 -59 -90 ) 0207.33. (11 -19 -59 -90 ) 0207.35. (11 -15 -21 -23 -25 -31 -41 -51 -53 -61 -63 -71 -79 -99 ) 0207.36. (11 -15 -21 -23 -31 -41 -51 -53 -61 -63 -79 -90 ) 0210.99. (39 ) 1602.31. (11 -19 -30 -90 ) 1602.32. (11 -19 -30 -90 ) 1602.39. (21 ) 16 000 tonnes/year expressed in net weight + 20 000 tonnes/year expressed in net weight (for the CN code 0207.12. (10 -90 )) 16 000 tonnes/year expressed in net weight + 20 000 tonnes/year expressed in net weight (for the CN code 0207.12. (10 -90 ))
Milk, cream, condensed milk and yogurts 0401.10. (10 -90 ) 0401.20. (11 -19 -91 -99 ) 0401.30. (11 -19 -31 -39 -91 -99 ) 0402.91. (10 -30 -51 -59 -91 -99 ) 0402.99. (10 -31 -39 -91 -99 ) 0403.10. (11 -13 -19 -31 -33 -39 ) 0403.90. (51 -53 -59 -61 -63 -69 ) 8 000 tonnes/year expressed in net weight 8 000 tonnes/year expressed in net weight
Milk powder 0402.10. (11 -19 -91 -99 ) 0402.21. (11 -17 -19 -91 -99 ) 0402.29. (11 -15 -19 -91 -99 ) 0403.90. (11 -13 -19 -31 -33 -39 ) 0404.90. (21 -23 -29 -81 -83 -89 ) 1 500 tonnes/year expressed in net weight 1 500 tonnes/year expressed in net weight
Butter and dairy spreads 0405.10. (11 -19 -30 -50 -90 ) 0405.20. (90 ) 0405.90. (10 -90 ) 1 500 tonnes/year expressed in net weight 1 500 tonnes/year expressed in net weight
Eggs and albumins 0407.00. (30 ) 0408.11. (80 ) 0408.19. (81 -89 ) 0408.91. (80 ) 0408.99. (80 ) 3502.11. (90 ) 3502.19. (90 ) 3502.20. (91 -99 ) 1 500 tonnes/year expressed in shell-egg equivalent + 3 000 tonnes/year expressed in net weight (for the CN code 0407.00. (30 )) 1 500 tonnes/year expressed in shell-egg equivalent + 3 000 tonnes/year expressed in net weight (for the CN code 0407.00. (30 ))
Common wheat, flours, and pellets 1001.90. (99 ) 1101.00. (15 -90 ) 1102.90. (90 ) 1103.11. (90 ) 1103.20. (60 ) 950 000 tonnes/year 950 000 tonnes/year
Barley, flour and pellets 1003.00. (90 ) 1102.90. (10 ) 1103.20. (20 ) 250 000 tonnes/year 250 000 tonnes/year
Maize, flour and pellets 1005.90. (00 ) 1102.20. (10 -90 ) 1103.13. (10 -90 ) 1103.20. (40 ) 1104.23. (10 -30 -90 -99 ) 400 000 tonnes/year 400 000 tonnes/yea
2

Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 2011 laying down the rules and general principles concerning mechanisms for control by Member States of the Commission’s exercise of implementing powers (OJ L 55, 28.2.2011, p. 13).

3

Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2454/93 of 2 July 1993 laying down provisions for the implementation of Council Regulation (EEC) No 2913/92 establishing the Community Customs Code (OJ L 253, 11.10.1993, p. 1).

4

OJ L 161, 29.5.2014, p. 3.

5

Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 establishing a common organisation of the markets in agricultural products and repealing Council Regulations (EEC) No 922/72, (EEC) No 234/79, (EC) No 1037/2001 and (EC) No 1234/2007 (OJ L 347, 20.12.2013, p. 671).

6

Council Regulation (EC) No 55/2008 of 21 January 2008 introducing autonomous trade preferences for the Republic of Moldova and amending Regulation (EC) No 980/2005 and Commission Decision 2005/924/EC (OJ L 20, 24.1.2008, p. 1).

7

Council Regulation (EEC) No 2913/92 of 12 October 1992 establishing the Community Customs Code (OJ L 302, 19.10.1992, p. 1).

8

In the event of a conflict between a provision of this Appendix and a provision of Annex I, the provision of the latter shall prevail to the extent of the conflict.

Reading this document does not replace reading the official text published in the Official Journal of the European Union. We assume no responsibility for any inaccuracies arising from the conversion of the original to this format.

This text is published under EUR-Lex's own terms of reuse, not a Legalize or public-domain licence. EUR-Lex
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
© European Union, https://eur-lex.europa.eu — Source: EUR-Lex (Publications Office of the European Union). Reused under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence. Only EU legislation published in the printed Official Journal of the European Union is deemed authentic; consolidated texts are reproduced here for documentation purposes and have been reformatted to Markdown.