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Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2026/1854 of 27 July 2026 imposing a provisional anti-dumping duty on imports of sodium benzoate originating in the People’s Republic of China

Type Implementing Regulation

Publication 2026-07-28

State In force

Text As published

Department European Commission, TRADE

Source EUR-Lex

articles 5

This is the act as published. Later amendments are not folded into the text below: each one is a separate act in this repository and an entry in this law's history.

Reform history JSON API

(302) The injury elimination level for ‘other cooperating companies’ and for ‘all other imports originating in country concerned’ is defined in the same manner as the dumping margin for these companies and imports (see Section 3.5 above).

Company	Dumping margin (%)	Underselling margin (%)
Wuhan Youji Industries Co., Ltd.	57,6	128,4
Tianjin Dongda Chemical Group Co., Ltd	75,4	142,8
Shandong TongTaiWeiRun Food Science Tech Co., Ltd.	63,8	133,4
All other imports originating in the People’s Republic of China	116,4	218,8

(303) In the present case, the complainants claimed the existence of raw material distortions within the meaning of Article 7(2a) of the basic Regulation. Thus, in order to conduct the assessment on the appropriate level of measures, the Commission first established the amount of duty necessary to eliminate the injury suffered by the Union industry in the absence of distortions under Article 7(2a) of the basic Regulation. Then it examined whether the dumping margin of sampled exporting producers would be higher than their injury margin.

6.2. Examination of the margin adequate to remove the injury to the Union industry

(304) As explained in the Notice of Initiation, the complainant provided the Commission sufficient evidence that there are raw material distortions in the country concerned regarding the product under investigation. Therefore, in accordance with Article 7(2a) of the basic Regulation, this investigation examined the alleged distortions to assess whether, if relevant, a duty lower than the margin of dumping would be sufficient to remove injury.

(305) However, as the margins adequate to remove injury are higher than the dumping margins, the Commission considered that, at this stage, it was not necessary to address this aspect.

(306) Following the above assessment the Commission concluded that it is appropriate to determine the amount of provisional duties in accordance with Article 7(2) of the basic Regulation.

7. UNION INTEREST

(307) The Commission examined whether it could clearly conclude that it was not in the Union interest to adopt measures in this case, despite the determination of injurious dumping, in accordance with Article 21 of the basic Regulation. The determination of the Union interest was based on an appreciation of all the various interests involved, including those of the Union industry, importers and users.

7.1. Interest of the Union industry

(308) From the two known Union producers, only one producer, which also lodged the complaint (covering 64 % of the total Union production) cooperated in the investigation.

(309) The investigation has shown that the Union producer is suffering material injury caused by the dumped imports from the country concerned. These imports exercised significantly price suppression and depression, forcing the Union industry to sell below costs. As a result, the Union industry was making significant losses. Chinese imports still severely undercut the Union industry’s prices, and the volume increase of these imports caused a significant loss of Union industry market share.

(310) The imposition of measures would likely prevent a further surge of imports from China at very low prices and enable the industry to start its recovery process. Without measures, Chinese producers will continue to dump the product concerned on the Union market and it will not take long before the Union industry will be forced to cease sodium benzoate operations.

(311) As the Union industry has the capacity in place to cover the entire Union consumption, following the imposition of anti-dumping provisional measures, it is expected that Chinese imports to the Union would decrease and that the sales volumes and prices of the Union industry on the Union market would rise. This would allow the Union industry to restore its market share from the beginning of the period concerned and to improve its profitability and other financial indicators.

(312) It was therefore concluded that imposing measures against China would be in the interest of the Union industry.

7.2. Interest of unrelated importers and users

(313) Only one importer opposing measures (Falken Trade Sp z o.o.) came forward and provided a questionnaire reply. Its import volumes represented 2 % of total imports from China. Moreover, the product under investigation only covered 1 % of its total sales. Following a deficiency process, the unrelated importer provided a new reply that had significant deficiencies and lacked supporting documents. Therefore it was ultimately disregarded.

(314) Four other importers (among which, the largest importer of sodium benzoate into the Union, i.e. FF Chemicals) declared interest in the case, without filling in a questionnaire reply.

(315) No users provided questionnaire replies. Since the product under investigation is covering an insignificant cost share in their final products, the measures are not expected to influence the users significantly.

(316) Considering the lack of cooperation and data from users and the majority of importers, the Commission cannot estimate with precision the impact of the measures on this market participant category. Given that sodium benzoate accounts for only a very small share of the production costs of the downstream products in which it is used, the Commission considers that the measures will not disproportionately impact the importers and users.

7.3. Conclusion on Union interest

(317) On the basis of the above, the Commission concluded that there were no compelling reasons that it was not in the Union interest to impose measures on imports of product concerned originating in country concerned at this stage of the investigation.

8. PROVISIONAL ANTI-DUMPING MEASURES

(318) On the basis of the conclusions reached by the Commission on dumping, injury, causation, level of measures and Union interest, provisional measures should be imposed to prevent further injury being caused to the Union industry by the dumped imports.

(319) Provisional anti-dumping measures should be imposed on imports of sodium benzoate originating in the People’s Republic of China , in accordance with the lesser duty rule in Article 7(2) of the basic Regulation. The Commission compared the injury margins and the dumping margins (Section 6 above). The amount of the duties was set at the level of the lower of the dumping and the injury margins.

(320) On the basis of the above, the provisional anti-dumping duty rates, expressed on the CIF Union border price, customs duty unpaid, should be as follows:

Company	Provisional anti-dumping duty (%)
Wuhan Youji Industries Co., Ltd.	57,6
Tianjin Dongda Chemical Group Co., Ltd	75,4
Other cooperating company: Shandong TongTaiWeiRun Food Science Tech Co., Ltd.	63,8
All other imports originating in the People’s Republic of China	116,4

(321) The individual company anti-dumping duty rates specified in this Regulation were established on the basis of the findings of this investigation. Therefore, they reflect the situation found during this investigation with respect to these companies. These duty rates are exclusively applicable to imports of the product concerned originating in the People’s Republic of China and produced by the named legal entities. Imports of the product concerned produced by any other company not specifically mentioned in the operative part of this Regulation, including entities related to that those specifically mentioned, should be subject to the duty rate applicable to ‘all other imports originating in the People’s Republic of China’. They should not be subject to any of the individual anti-dumping duty rates.

(322) To minimise the risks of circumvention due to the difference in duty rates, special measures are needed to ensure the application of the individual anti-dumping duties. The application of individual anti-dumping duties is only applicable upon presentation of a valid commercial invoice to the customs authorities of the Member States. The invoice must conform to the requirements set out in Article 1(3) of this regulation. Until such invoice is presented, imports should be subject to the anti-dumping duty applicable to ‘all other imports originating in the People’s Republic of China’.

(323) While presentation of this invoice is necessary for the customs authorities of the Member States to apply the individual rates of anti-dumping duty to imports, it is not the only element to be taken into account by the customs authorities. Indeed, even if presented with an invoice meeting all the requirements set out in Article 1(3) of this regulation, the customs authorities of Member States must carry out their usual checks and may, like in all other cases, require additional documents (shipping documents etc.) for the purpose of verifying the accuracy of the particulars contained in the declaration and ensure that the subsequent application of the lower rate of duty is justified, in compliance with customs law.

(324) Should the exports by one of the companies benefiting from lower individual duty rates increase significantly in volume after the imposition of the measures concerned, such an increase in volume could be considered as constituting in itself a change in the pattern of trade due to the imposition of measures within the meaning of Article 13(1) of the basic Regulation. In such circumstances and provided the conditions are met an anti-circumvention investigation may be initiated. This investigation may, inter alia, examine the need for the removal of individual duty rate(s) and the consequent imposition of a country-wide duty.

9. REGISTRATION

(325) As mentioned in recital (3), the Commission made imports of the product concerned subject to registration. Registration took place with a view to possibly collecting duties retroactively under Article 10(4) of the basic Regulation.

(326) In view of the findings at provisional stage, the registration of imports should cease/be discontinued.

(327) No decision on a possible retroactive application of anti-dumping measures has been taken/can be taken at this stage of the proceeding.

10. INFORMATION AT PROVISIONAL STAGE

(328) In accordance with Article 19a of the basic Regulation, the Commission informed interested parties about the planned imposition of provisional duties. This information was also made available to the general public via DG TRADE's website. Interested parties were given three working days to provide comments on the accuracy of the calculations specifically disclosed to them.

(329) Both exporting producers submitted comments on pre-disclosure. Wuhan Youji submitted comments not related to the accuracy of the calculations but to the methodology used by the Commission, thus they were outside of the scope of the pre-disclosure and will be addressed at a later stage. Tianjin Dongda submitted comments on clerical inconsistencies in the calculations of CIF value and the normal value (manufacturing overheads), comments which were taken into account by the Commission. The anti-dumping duty was adjusted accordingly.

(330) In order to ensure effective monitoring of imports of the direct upstream product of sodium benzoate, i.e. benzoic acid currently falling, among with other products, under CN code 2916 31 00 , the Commission considers appropriate to introduce a specific TARIC code for monitoring purposes. This measure will allow the Commission to gather accurate and detailed statistics on trade flows, assess market trends, and detect any potential circumvention of trade defence measures. The introduction of this TARIC code is for monitoring purposes only and does not impose any additional duties or restrictions on imports at this stage.

(331) The specific TARIC code should be structured in a way that distinguishes benzoic acid from other products under the same CN heading, ensuring precise data collection. The Commission should regularly review the data collected under this code to determine whether further action, such as the initiation of an anti-dumping or an anti-subsidy investigation, is warranted.

11. FINAL PROVISIONS

(332) In the interests of sound administration, the Commission will invite the interested parties to submit written comments and/or to request a hearing with the Commission and/or the Hearing Officer in trade proceedings within a fixed deadline.

(333) The findings concerning the imposition of provisional duties are provisional and may be amended at the definitive stage of the investigation,

HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:

Article 1

A provisional anti-dumping duty is imposed on imports of sodium benzoate, currently falling under ex CN code 2916 31 00 (TARIC code 2916 31 00 91), usually falling under CUS 0023120-9, CAS 532-32-1 and originating in the People’s Republic of China.

The rates of the provisional anti-dumping duty applicable to the net, free-at-Union-frontier price, before duty, of the product described in paragraph 1 and produced by the companies listed below shall be as follows:

Company	Provisional anti-dumping duty (%)	TARIC additional code
Wuhan Youji Industries Co., Ltd.	57,6	88FK
Tianjin Dongda Chemical Group Co., Ltd	75,4	88FL
Shandong TongTaiWeiRun Food Science Tech Co., Ltd.	63,8	88FM
All other imports originating in the People’s Republic of China	116,4	8999

The application of the individual duty rates specified for the companies mentioned in paragraph 2 shall be conditional upon presentation to the Member States’ customs authorities of a valid commercial invoice, on which shall appear a declaration dated and signed by an official of the entity issuing such invoice, identified by his/her name and function, drafted as follows: ‘I, the undersigned, certify that the (volume in tonnes) of sodium benzoate sold for export to the European Union covered by this invoice was manufactured by (company name and address) (TARIC additional code) in the People’s Republic of China. I declare that the information provided in this invoice is complete and correct.’ Until such invoice is presented, the duty applicable to all other imports originating in the People’s Republic of China shall apply.

The release for free circulation in the Union of the product referred to in paragraph 1 shall be subject to the provision of a security deposit equivalent to the amount of the provisional duty.

Unless otherwise specified, the provisions in force concerning customs duties shall apply.

Article 2

Interested parties shall submit their written comments on this regulation to the Commission within 15 calendar days of the date of entry into force of this Regulation.

Interested parties wishing to request a hearing with the Commission shall do so within 5 calendar days of the date of entry into force of this Regulation.

Interested parties wishing to request a hearing with the Hearing Officer in trade proceedings are invited to do so within 5 calendar days of the date of entry into force of this Regulation. The Hearing Officer may examine requests submitted outside this time limit and may decide whether to accept to such requests if appropriate.

Article 3

For the purpose of monitoring imports of the direct upstream product of sodium benzoate i.e. benzoic acid, the following TARIC code is introduced:


”2916 31	- - Benzoic acid, its salts and esters:
2916 31 00 30	- - - Benzoic acid”

Imports under the TARIC code 2916 31 00 30 shall be subject to surveillance to allow the Commission to follow the statistical trends of imports of the direct upstream product of sodium benzoate which is subject to the provisional antiumping duty under Article 1, in accordance with Article 56(5) of Regulation (EU) No 952/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council [^ntr121-L_202601854EN.000101-E0121].

Surveillance measures introduced by paragraph 1 shall cease when the anti-dumping duty on imports of sodium benzoate originating in the People’s Republic of China is terminated or lapses.

Article 4

Customs authorities are hereby directed to discontinue the registration of imports established in accordance with Article 1 of Implementing Regulation (EU) 2026/366.

Data collected regarding products which entered the EU for consumption not more than 90 days prior to the date of the entry into force of this regulation shall be kept until the entry into force of possible definitive measures, or the termination of this proceeding.

Article 5

This Regulation shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.

This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.

Done at Brussels, 27 July 2026.

For the Commission

The President

Ursula VON DER LEYEN

[^ntr1-L_202601854EN.000101-E0001]: OJ L 176, 30.6.2016, p. 21, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/1036/oj.

[^ntr2-L_202601854EN.000101-E0002]: OJ C, C/2025/6744, 19.12.2025, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/C/2025/6744/oj.

[^ntr3-L_202601854EN.000101-E0003]: Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2026/366 of 19 February 2026 making imports of sodium benzoate originating in the People’s Republic of China subject to registration (OJ L, 2026/366, 20.2.2026, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2026/366/oj).

[^ntr4-L_202601854EN.000101-E0004]: TRON t26.000073 of 6 January 2026.

[^ntr6-L_202601854EN.000101-E0006]: Koruma Temizlik Anonim Sirketi, Polen Un Ve Gida Katki Maddeleri Sanayi Ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi, Tarimsal Kimya Teknolojileri Sanayi Ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi, Sora Kozmetik Sanayi Ticaret Anonim Sirketi, Kimsan Petrokimya Sanayi Ve Ticaret Limited Sirketi, Hurkimsa Kimya Sanayi Ve Ticaret Limited Sirketi, Biolab Endustriyel Kimya Sanayi Ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi, Verateks Boya Kimya Tekstil Sanayi Ticaret Limited Sirketi, Befchem Kimyevi Maddeler Sanayi Ticaret Anonim Sirketi, Nc Istanbul Kimyevi Urunler Sanayi Ticaret Limited Sirketi and Merko Kimya Gida Sanayi ve ticaret limited Sirketi (Orbis).

[^ntr7-L_202601854EN.000101-E0007]: Commission Staff Working Document on Significant Distortions in the Economy of the People’s Republic of China for the purposes of Trade Defence Investigations, 10 April 2024, SWD (2024) 91 final.

[^ntr8-L_202601854EN.000101-E0008]: Complaint (Open version), paras. 59-94.

[^ntr9-L_202601854EN.000101-E0009]: Commission Implement Regulation (EU) 2021/983 of 17 June 2021 regarding imports of aluminium converter foil from PRC, para. 73.

[^ntr10-L_202601854EN.000101-E0010]: Complaint (Open version), para. 95.

[^ntr11-L_202601854EN.000101-E0011]: Complaint (Open version), paras. 96-98.

[^ntr12-L_202601854EN.000101-E0012]: Toluene is one of the main raw materials to produce sodium benzoate.

[^ntr13-L_202601854EN.000101-E0013]: Complaint (Open version), para. 99.

[^ntr14-L_202601854EN.000101-E0014]: Complaint (Open version), paras. 100-102.

[^ntr15-L_202601854EN.000101-E0015]: Complaint (Open version), paras. 102-107.

[^ntr16-L_202601854EN.000101-E0016]: Complaint (Open version), para. 110.

[^ntr17-L_202601854EN.000101-E0017]: Complaint (Open version), paras 111-113.

[^ntr18-L_202601854EN.000101-E0018]: Complaint (Open version), paras. 113-120.

[^ntr19-L_202601854EN.000101-E0019]: Complaint (Open version), paras. 121-125.

[^ntr20-L_202601854EN.000101-E0020]: Complaint (Open version), paras. 126-129.

[^ntr21-L_202601854EN.000101-E0021]: Complaint (Open version), para. 130.

[^ntr22-L_202601854EN.000101-E0022]: Complaint (Open version), paras. 131-133.

[^ntr23-L_202601854EN.000101-E0023]: Complaint (Open version), para. 135.

[^ntr24-L_202601854EN.000101-E0024]: Complaint (Open version), para. 137.

[^ntr25-L_202601854EN.000101-E0025]: Complaint (Open version), paras. 139-140.

[^ntr26-L_202601854EN.000101-E0026]: Complaint (Open version), para. 142.

[^ntr27-L_202601854EN.000101-E0027]: Complaint (Open version), paras. 143-144.

[^ntr28-L_202601854EN.000101-E0028]: Report – Chapter 2, p. 7.

[^ntr29-L_202601854EN.000101-E0029]: Report – Chapter 2, p. 7-8.

[^ntr30-L_202601854EN.000101-E0030]: See at: http://finance.people.com.cn/n1/2026/0128/c1004-40654753.html (accessed on 19 May 2026).

[^ntr31-L_202601854EN.000101-E0031]: Report – Chapter 2, p. 10, 18.

[^ntr32-L_202601854EN.000101-E0032]: Available at: http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/englishnpc/Constitution/node_2825.htm (accessed on 19 May 2026).

[^ntr33-L_202601854EN.000101-E0033]: Report – Chapter 2, p. 29-30.

[^ntr34-L_202601854EN.000101-E0034]: Report – Chapter 4, p. 57, 92.

[^ntr35-L_202601854EN.000101-E0035]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 149-150.

[^ntr36-L_202601854EN.000101-E0036]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 153 -171.

[^ntr37-L_202601854EN.000101-E0037]: Report – Chapter 7, p. 204-205.

[^ntr38-L_202601854EN.000101-E0038]: Report – Chapter 8, p. 207-208, 242-243.

[^ntr39-L_202601854EN.000101-E0039]: Report – Chapter 2, p. 19-24, Chapter 4, p. 69, p. 99-100, Chapter 5, p. 130-131.

[^ntr40-L_202601854EN.000101-E0040]: See at: http://www.tjddgroup.com/ (accessed on 21 May 2026).

[^ntr41-L_202601854EN.000101-E0041]: See at: https://www.chinaorganic.com/ (accessed on 19 May 2026).

[^ntr42-L_202601854EN.000101-E0042]: See Hengli Petrochemicals’ annual report 2025, p. 67, available at: http://file.finance.sina.com.cn/211.154.219.97:9494/MRGG/CNSESH_STOCK/2026/2026-4/2026-04-15/12087185.PDF, (accessed on 20 May 2026).

[^ntr43-L_202601854EN.000101-E0043]: See at: http://www.sinopec.com/listco/en/000/000/042/42474.shtml (accessed 19 May 2026).

[^ntr44-L_202601854EN.000101-E0044]: See at: http://www.sinochemhx.com/shxsen/ywgl/zycp/hcszb/jyxpe/A076003001005002Gone1.html (accessed on 19 May 2026).

[^ntr45-L_202601854EN.000101-E0045]: See at : http://wap.sasac.gov.cn/n2588045/n27271785/n27271792/c14159097/content.html (accessed on 19 May 2026).

[^ntr46-L_202601854EN.000101-E0046]: Art. 33 of the CCP Constitution, Article 19 of the Chinese Company Law. See Report – Chapter 3, p. 47-50.

[^ntr47-L_202601854EN.000101-E0047]: 14th FYP on raw materials, Sections IV.3 and IV.1, available at:

https://www.miit.gov.cn/zwgk/zcwj/wjfb/tz/art/2021/art_2960538d19e34c66a5eb8d01b74cbb20.html (accessed on 19 May 2026).

[^ntr48-L_202601854EN.000101-E0048]: See at: https://gxt.fujian.gov.cn/jdhy/zxzcfg/gjzcfg/202510/P020251015562784139701.pdf (accessed on 19 May 2026).

[^ntr49-L_202601854EN.000101-E0049]: See at: https://huanbao.bjx.com.cn/news/20211201/1191133.shtml (accessed on 19 May 2026).

[^ntr50-L_202601854EN.000101-E0050]: See at: https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/fggz/fzzlgh/dffzgh/202104/P020210427315108290779.pdf (accessed on 19 May 2026).

[^ntr51-L_202601854EN.000101-E0051]: See at: https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/fggz/fzzlgh/dffzgh/202104/P020210401307524156363.pdf (accessed on 21 May 2026).

[^ntr52-L_202601854EN.000101-E0052]: Report – Chapter 2, p. 24-27.

[^ntr53-L_202601854EN.000101-E0053]: See at: http://www.cpcif.org.cn/detail/40288043661e27fb01661e386a3f0001?e=1 (accessed on 20 May 2026).

[^ntr55-L_202601854EN.000101-E0055]: See at: http://www.cpcif.org.cn/detail/d69629a0-ada2-44b4-86be-4505e97b0ace (accessed on 20 May 2026).

[^ntr56-L_202601854EN.000101-E0056]: See at: http://www.cpcif.org.cn/list/40288043661dc14701661de263df0018 (accessed on 20 May 2026).

[^ntr57-L_202601854EN.000101-E0057]: See at: http://www.cpcif.org.cn/list/40288043661dc14701661ddbe0980010 (accessed on 20 May 2026).

[^ntr59-L_202601854EN.000101-E0059]: Report – Chapter 3, p. 40.

[^ntr60-L_202601854EN.000101-E0060]: See for example: Blanchette, J. – Xi’s Gamble: The Race to Consolidate Power and Stave off Disaster; Foreign Affairs, Vol. 100, No 4, July/August 2021, pp. 10-19.

[^ntr61-L_202601854EN.000101-E0061]: Report – Chapter 3, p. 41.

[^ntr62-L_202601854EN.000101-E0062]: Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-congress-companies-idUSKCN1B40JU (accessed on 20 May 2026).

[^ntr63-L_202601854EN.000101-E0063]: General Office of CCP Central Committee’s Guidelines on stepping up the United Front work in the private sector for the new era: www.gov.cn/zhengce/2020-09/15/content_5543685.htm (accessed on 20 May 2026).

[^ntr64-L_202601854EN.000101-E0064]: Financial Times (2020) - Chinese Communist Party asserts greater control over private enterprise: https://www.ft.com/content/582411f6-fc3b-4e4d-9916-c30a29ad010e?syn-25a6b1a6=1 (accessed on 20 May 2026).

[^ntr65-L_202601854EN.000101-E0065]: See at: https://www.wuhan.gov.cn/sy/whyw/202106/t20210630_1729512.shtml (accessed on 20 May 2026).

[^ntr66-L_202601854EN.000101-E0066]: See at: http://www.sinopec.com/u/cms/gfyw/202411/27092756kosx.pdf p. 26 (accessed on 20 May 2026).

[^ntr67-L_202601854EN.000101-E0067]: See at: http://www.sinopecgroup.com/group/000/000/067/67517.shtml (accessed on 20 May 2026).

[^ntr68-L_202601854EN.000101-E0068]: See at: http://www.sinopecgroup.com/group/000/000/041/41878.shtml (accessed on 20 May 2026).

[^ntr69-L_202601854EN.000101-E0069]: See at: https://www.sinochem.com/sinochem/guwm/zlzz/ds/A031002002002Gone1.html (accessed on 20 May 2026).

[^ntr70-L_202601854EN.000101-E0070]: Report – Chapter 14, Sections 14.1 to 14.3.

[^ntr71-L_202601854EN.000101-E0071]: Report – Chapter 4, p. 56-57, 99-100-, .

[^ntr72-L_202601854EN.000101-E0072]: See at: https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-03/13/content_5592681.htm (accessed on 20 May 2026).

[^ntr73-L_202601854EN.000101-E0073]: Ibid. Section III.8.

[^ntr74-L_202601854EN.000101-E0074]: See at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2021-12/29/content_5665166.htm (accessed on 20 May 2026).

[^ntr75-L_202601854EN.000101-E0075]: Ibid. See Section IV.2 and IV.3.

[^ntr76-L_202601854EN.000101-E0076]: See at:

https://www.miit.gov.cn/zwgk/zcwj/wjfb/yj/art/2022/art_4ef438217a4548cb98c2d7f4f091d72e.html (accessed on 20 May 2026).

[^ntr77-L_202601854EN.000101-E0077]: See at: https://jxt.hubei.gov.cn/fbjd/xxgkml/jhgh/202209/t20220906_4295137.shtml (accessed on 20 May 2026).

[^ntr79-L_202601854EN.000101-E0079]: See at: https://www.chinaorganic.com/ (accessed on 21 May 2026).

[^ntr80-L_202601854EN.000101-E0080]: See at: https://ex.chinadaily.com.cn/exchange/partners/82/rss/channel/cn/columns/j3u3t6/stories/WS60e3cb1ea3101e7ce97584f3.html, Section III.3.3 (accessed 21 May 2026).

[^ntr81-L_202601854EN.000101-E0081]: See at: http://www.tjddgroup.com/ (accessed on 21 May 2026).

[^ntr82-L_202601854EN.000101-E0082]: See at: https://jxt.hubei.gov.cn/bmdt/szgz/202103/t20210329_3426767.shtml (accessed on 20 May 2026).

[^ntr83-L_202601854EN.000101-E0083]: See at:

https://english.www.gov.cn/news/202406/19/content_WS6672c84ac6d0868f4e8e8531.html#:~:text=China%20will%20scale%20up%20support,of%20Industry%20and%20Information%20Technology (accessed on 20 May 2026).

[^ntr84-L_202601854EN.000101-E0084]: See at:

http://gxt.shandong.gov.cn/module/download/downfile.jsp?classid=0&filename=17e54531cb74483596b5cca1a40ec8d8.pdf (accessed on 23 March 2026).

[^ntr85-L_202601854EN.000101-E0085]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 171-179.

[^ntr86-L_202601854EN.000101-E0086]: Report – Chapter 9, p. 260-261.

[^ntr87-L_202601854EN.000101-E0087]: Report – Chapter 9, p. 257-260.

[^ntr88-L_202601854EN.000101-E0088]: Report – Chapter 9, p. 252-254.

[^ntr89-L_202601854EN.000101-E0089]: Report – Chapter 13, p. 360-361, 364-370.

[^ntr90-L_202601854EN.000101-E0090]: Report – Chapter 13, p. 366.

[^ntr91-L_202601854EN.000101-E0091]: Report – Chapter 13, p. 370-373.

[^ntr92-L_202601854EN.000101-E0092]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 137-140.

[^ntr93-L_202601854EN.000101-E0093]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 146-149.

[^ntr94-L_202601854EN.000101-E0094]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 149.

[^ntr95-L_202601854EN.000101-E0095]: GOC Ad hoc Support to Banks, Official announcement, Ministry of Finance, China, 29 March 2025 https://www.mof.gov.cn/zhengwuxinxi/caizhengxinwen/202503/t20250329_3961036.htm (accessed on 20 May 2026).

[^ntr96-L_202601854EN.000101-E0096]: See official policy document of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission of 28 August 2020: Three-year action plan for improving corporate governance of the banking and insurance sectors (2020-2022): http://www.hunan.gov.cn/zqt/zcsd/202009/t20200914_13727273.html (accessed on 20 May 2026). The Plan instructs to ‘further implement the spirit embodied in General Secretary Xi Jinping’s keynote speech on advancing the reform of corporate governance of the financial sector’. Moreover, the Plan’s Section II aims at promoting the organic integration of the Party’s leadership into corporate governance: ‘we shall make the integration of the Party’s leadership into corporate governance more systematic, standardised and procedure-based […] Major operational and management issues must have been discussed by the Party Committee before being decided upon by the Board of Directors or the senior management’.

[^ntr97-L_202601854EN.000101-E0097]: See CBIRC’s Notice on the Commercial banks performance evaluation method, issued on 15 December 2020: https://www.beijing.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengcefagui/qtwj/202204/t20220407_2656358.html (accessed on 20 May 2026.).

[^ntr98-L_202601854EN.000101-E0098]: See at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/202511/content_7047643.htm (accessed on 20 May 2026).

[^ntr99-L_202601854EN.000101-E0099]: Ibid, Section 11.

[^ntr100-L_202601854EN.000101-E0100]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 157-158.

[^ntr101-L_202601854EN.000101-E0101]: Report – Chapter 6, p. 150-152, 156-160, 165-171.

[^ntr102-L_202601854EN.000101-E0102]: OECD (2019), OECD Economic Surveys: China 2019, OECD Publishing, Paris. p. 29, available at:

https://doi.org/10.1787/eco_surveys-chn-2019-en (accessed on 20 May 2026).

(accessed on 20 May 2026).

[^ntr104-L_202601854EN.000101-E0104]: World Bank Open Data – Upper Middle Income, https://data.worldbank.org/income-level/upper-middle-income.

[^ntr105-L_202601854EN.000101-E0105]: Regulation (EU) 2015/755 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2015 on common rules for imports from certain third countries (OJ L 123, 19.5.2015, p. 33, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2015/755/oj) as amended by Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/749 of 24 February 2017 amending Regulation (EU) 2015/755 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the removal of Kazakhstan from the list of countries in Annex I thereto (OJ L 113, 29.4.2017, p. 11, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_del/2017/749/oj).

[^ntr106-L_202601854EN.000101-E0106]: EUROPA – Competition – List of NACE codes.

[^ntr107-L_202601854EN.000101-E0107]: The list of producers was updated between the First Note and the Second Note due to the reclassification of activities by the Orbis, the source of the financial intelligence.

[^ntc108-L_202601854EN.000101-E0108] https://connect.spglobal.com/.

[^ntc109-L_202601854EN.000101-E0109] http://www.turkstat.gov.tr => Press releases => select Producer Price Index.

[^ntc110-L_202601854EN.000101-E0110] epdk.gov.tr => Press releases => select Electricity Market board decisions.

[^ntc111-L_202601854EN.000101-E0111] https://www.invest.gov.tr/en/investmentguide/pages/cost-of-doing-business.aspx.

[^ntr112-L_202601854EN.000101-E0112]: Regulation (EU) 2015/755 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2015 on common rules for imports from certain third countries (OJ L 123, 19.5.2015, p. 33). Article 2(7) of the basic Regulation considers that domestic prices in those countries cannot be used for the purpose of determining normal value.

[^ntr114-L_202601854EN.000101-E0114]: Source: Eurostat.

[^ntr115-L_202601854EN.000101-E0115]: TurkStat, Labour Input Indices, Quarter IV: October-December, 2025 – https://veriportali.tuik.gov.tr/en/press/57965.

[^ntr116-L_202601854EN.000101-E0116]: epdk.gov.tr => Press releases => select Electricity Market board decisions.

[^ntr117-L_202601854EN.000101-E0117]: http://www.turkstat.gov.tr => Press releases => select Producer Price Index.

[^ntr118-L_202601854EN.000101-E0118]: Convert gigajoule to million Btu – Conversion of Measurement Units (convertunits.com/from/gigajoule/to/million+Btu).

[^ntr119-L_202601854EN.000101-E0119]: Natural Gas MMBTU to m³ and m³ to MMBTU Calculator + Chart (learnmetrics.com).

[^ntr120-L_202601854EN.000101-E0120]: Convert gigajoule to tonnes – Conversion of Measurement Units (convertunits.com/from/gigajoule/to/tons).

[^ntr121-L_202601854EN.000101-E0121]: Regulation (EU) No 952/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 October 2013 laying down the Union Customs Code (OJ L 269, 10.10.2013, p. 1, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2013/952/oj).

ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2026/1854/oj

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