§ 101. Definitions and declaration of policy

§ 101. Definitions and declaration of policy

(a) Definitions.— In this title, the following definitions apply:

(1) Apportionment.— The term “apportionment” includes unexpended apportionments made under prior authorization laws.

(2) Asset management.— The term “asset management” means a strategic and systematic process of operating, maintaining, and improving physical assets, with a focus on both engineering and economic analysis based upon quality information, to identify a structured sequence of maintenance, preservation, repair, rehabilitation, and replacement actions that will achieve and sustain a desired state of good repair over the lifecycle of the assets at minimum practicable cost.

(3) Carpool project.— The term “carpool project” means any project to encourage the use of carpools and vanpools, including provision of carpooling opportunities to the elderly and individuals with disabilities, systems for locating potential riders and informing them of carpool opportunities, acquiring vehicles for carpool use, designating existing highway lanes as preferential carpool highway lanes, providing related traffic control devices, designating existing facilities for use for preferential parking for carpools, and real-time ridesharing projects, such as projects where drivers, using an electronic transfer of funds, recover costs directly associated with the trip provided through the use of location technology to quantify those direct costs, subject to the condition that the cost recovered does not exceed the cost of the trip provided.

(4) Construction.— The term “construction” means the supervising, inspecting, actual building, and incurrence of all costs incidental to the construction or reconstruction of a highway or any project eligible for assistance under this title, including bond costs and other costs relating to the issuance in accordance with section 122 of bonds or other debt financing instruments and costs incurred by the State in performing Federal-aid project related audits that directly benefit the Federal-aid highway program. Such term includes—

(A) preliminary engineering, engineering, and design-related services directly relating to the construction of a highway project, including engineering, design, project development and management, construction project management and inspection, surveying, assessing resilience, mapping (including the establishment of temporary and permanent geodetic control in accordance with specifications of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), and architectural-related services;

(B) reconstruction, resurfacing, restoration, rehabilitation, and preservation;

(C) acquisition of rights-of-way;

(D) relocation assistance, acquisition of replacement housing sites, and acquisition and rehabilitation, relocation, and construction of replacement housing;

(E) elimination of hazards of railway-highway grade crossings;

(F) elimination of roadside hazards;

(G) improvements that directly facilitate and control traffic flow, such as grade separation of intersections, widening of lanes, channelization of traffic, traffic control systems, and passenger loading and unloading areas;

(H) improvements that reduce the number of wildlife-vehicle collisions, such as wildlife crossing structures; and

(I) capital improvements that directly facilitate an effective vehicle weight enforcement program, such as scales (fixed and portable), scale pits, scale installation, and scale houses.

(5) County.— The term “county” includes corresponding units of government under any other name in States that do not have county organizations and, in those States in which the county government does not have jurisdiction over highways, any local government unit vested with jurisdiction over local highways.

(6) Federal-aid highway.— The term “Federal-aid highway” means a public highway eligible for assistance under this chapter other than a highway functionally classified as a local road or rural minor collector.

(7) Federal lands access transportation facility.— The term “Federal Lands access transportation facility” means a public highway, road, bridge, trail, or transit system that is located on, is adjacent to, or provides access to Federal lands for which title or maintenance responsibility is vested in a State, county, town, township, tribal, municipal, or local government.

(8) Federal lands transportation facility.— The term “Federal lands transportation facility” means a public highway, road, bridge, trail, or transit system that is located on, is adjacent to, or provides access to Federal lands for which title and maintenance responsibility is vested in the Federal Government, and that appears on the national Federal lands transportation facility inventory described in section 203(c).

(9) Forest development roads and trails.— The term “forest development roads and trails” means forest roads and trails under the jurisdiction of the Forest Service.

(10) Forest road or trail.— The term “forest road or trail” means a road or trail wholly or partly within, or adjacent to, and serving the National Forest System that is necessary for the protection, administration, and utilization of the National Forest System and the use and development of its resources.

(11) Highway.— The term “highway” includes—

(A) a road, street, and parkway;

(B) a right-of-way, bridge, railroad-highway crossing, tunnel, drainage structure including public roads on dams, sign, guardrail, and protective structure, in connection with a highway; and

(C) a portion of any interstate or international bridge or tunnel and the approaches thereto, the cost of which is assumed by a State transportation department, including such facilities as may be required by the United States Customs and Immigration Services in connection with the operation of an international bridge or tunnel.

(12) Interstate System.— The term “Interstate System” means the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways described in section 103(c).

(13) Maintenance.— The term “maintenance” means the preservation of the entire highway, including surface, shoulders, roadsides, structures, and such traffic-control devices as are necessary for safe and efficient utilization of the highway.

(14) Maintenance area.— The term “maintenance area” means an area that was designated as an air quality nonattainment area, but was later redesignated by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency as an air quality attainment area, under section 107(d) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7407(d)).

(15) National highway freight network.— The term “National Highway Freight Network” means the National Highway Freight Network established under section 167.

(16) National Highway System.— The term “National Highway System” means the Federal-aid highway system described in section 103(b).

(17) Natural infrastructure.— The term “natural infrastructure” means infrastructure that uses, restores, or emulates natural ecological processes and—

(A) is created through the action of natural physical, geological, biological, and chemical processes over time;

(B) is created by human design, engineering, and construction to emulate or act in concert with natural processes; or

(C) involves the use of plants, soils, and other natural features, including through the creation, restoration, or preservation of vegetated areas using materials appropriate to the region to manage stormwater and runoff, to attenuate flooding and storm surges, and for other related purposes.

(18) Operating costs for traffic monitoring, management, and control.— The term “operating costs for traffic monitoring, management, and control” includes labor costs, administrative costs, costs of utilities and rent, and other costs associated with the continuous operation of traffic control, such as integrated traffic control systems, incident management programs, and traffic control centers.

(19) Operational improvement.— The term “operational improvement”—

(A) means (i) a capital improvement for installation of traffic surveillance and control equipment, computerized signal systems, motorist information systems, integrated traffic control systems, incident management programs, and transportation demand management facilities, strategies, and programs, and (ii) such other capital improvements to public roads as the Secretary may designate, by regulation; and

(B) does not include resurfacing, restoring, or rehabilitating improvements, construction of additional lanes, interchanges, and grade separations, and construction of a new facility on a new location.

(20) Project.— The term “project” means any undertaking eligible for assistance under this title.

(21) Project agreement.— The term “project agreement” means the formal instrument to be executed by the Secretary and the recipient as required by section 106.

(22) Public authority.— The term “public authority” means a Federal, State, county, town, or township, Indian tribe, municipal or other local government or instrumentality with authority to finance, build, operate, or maintain toll or toll-free facilities.

(23) Public road.— The term “public road” means any road or street under the jurisdiction of and maintained by a public authority and open to public travel.

(24) Resilience.— The term “resilience”, with respect to a project, means a project with the ability to anticipate, prepare for, or adapt to conditions or withstand, respond to, or recover rapidly from disruptions, including the ability—

(A)

(i) to resist hazards or withstand impacts from weather events and natural disasters; or

(ii) to reduce the magnitude or duration of impacts of a disruptive weather event or natural disaster on a project; and

(B) to have the absorptive capacity, adaptive capacity, and recoverability to decrease project vulnerability to weather events or other natural disasters.

(25) Rural areas.— The term “rural areas” means all areas of a State not included in urban areas.

(26) Safety improvement project.— The term “safety improvement project” means a strategy, activity, or project on a public road that is consistent with the State strategic highway safety plan and corrects or improves a roadway feature that constitutes a hazard to road users or addresses a highway safety problem.

(27) Secretary.— The term “Secretary” means Secretary of Transportation.

(28) State.— The term “State” means any of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, or Puerto Rico.

(29) State funds.— The term “State funds” includes funds raised under the authority of the State or any political or other subdivision thereof, and made available for expenditure under the direct control of the State transportation department.

(30) State strategic highway safety plan.— The term “State strategic highway safety plan” has the same meaning given such term in section 148(a).

(31) State transportation department.— The term “State transportation department” means that department, commission, board, or official of any State charged by its laws with the responsibility for highway construction.

(32) Transportation systems management and operations.—

(A) In general.— The term “transportation systems management and operations” means integrated strategies to optimize the performance of existing infrastructure through—

(i) the implementation of multimodal and intermodal, cross-jurisdictional systems, services, and projects designed to preserve capacity and improve security, safety, and reliability of the transportation system; and

(ii) the consideration of incorporating natural infrastructure.

(B) Inclusions.— The term “transportation systems management and operations” includes—

(i) actions such as traffic detection and surveillance, corridor management, freeway management, arterial management, active transportation and demand management, work zone management, emergency management, traveler information services, congestion pricing, parking management, automated enforcement, traffic control, commercial vehicle operations, freight management, and coordination of highway, rail, transit, bicycle, and pedestrian operations; and

(ii) coordination of the implementation of regional transportation system management and operations investments (such as traffic incident management, traveler information services, emergency management, roadway weather management, intelligent transportation systems, communication networks, and information sharing systems) requiring agreements, integration, and interoperability to achieve targeted system performance, reliability, safety, and customer service levels.

(33) Tribal transportation facility.— The term “tribal transportation facility” means a public highway, road, bridge, trail, or transit system that is located on or provides access to tribal land and appears on the national tribal transportation facility inventory described in section 202(b)(1).

(34) Truck stop electrification system.— The term “truck stop electrification system” means a system that delivers heat, air conditioning, electricity, or communications to a heavy-duty vehicle.

(35) Urban area.— The term “urban area” means an urbanized area or, in the case of an urbanized area encompassing more than one State, that part of the urbanized area in each such State, or urban place as designated by the Bureau of the Census having a population of 5,000 or more and not within any urbanized area, within boundaries to be fixed by responsible State and local officials in cooperation with each other, subject to approval by the Secretary. Such boundaries shall encompass, at a minimum, the entire urban place designated by the Bureau of the Census, except in the case of cities in the State of Maine and in the State of New Hampshire.

(36) Urbanized area.— The term “urbanized area” means an area with a population of 50,000 or more designated by the Bureau of the Census, within boundaries to be fixed by responsible State and local officials in cooperation with each other, subject to approval by the Secretary. Such boundaries shall encompass, at a minimum, the entire urbanized area within a State as designated by the Bureau of the Census.

(b) Declaration of Policy.—

(1) Acceleration of construction of federal-aid highway systems.— Congress declares that it is in the national interest to accelerate the construction of Federal-aid highway systems, including the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, because many of the highways (or portions of the highways) are inadequate to meet the needs of local and interstate commerce for the national and civil defense.

(2) Completion of interstate system.— Congress declares that the prompt and early completion of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways (referred to in this section as the “Interstate System”), so named because of its primary importance to the national defense, is essential to the national interest. It is the intent of Congress that the Interstate System be completed as nearly as practicable over the period of availability of the forty years’ appropriations authorized for the purpose of expediting its construction, reconstruction, or improvement, inclusive of necessary tunnels and bridges, through the fiscal year ending September 30, 1996, under section 108(b) of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 (70 Stat. 374), and that the entire system in all States be brought to simultaneous completion. Insofar as possible in consonance with this objective, existing highways located on an interstate route shall be used to the extent that such use is practicable, suitable, and feasible, it being the intent that local needs, to the extent practicable, suitable, and feasible, shall be given equal consideration with the needs of interstate commerce.

(3) Transportation needs of 21st century.— Congress declares that—

(A) it is in the national interest to preserve and enhance the surface transportation system to meet the needs of the United States for the 21st Century;

(B) the current urban and long distance personal travel and freight movement demands have surpassed the original forecasts and travel demand patterns are expected to continue to change;

(C) continued planning for and investment in surface transportation is critical to ensure the surface transportation system adequately meets the changing travel demands of the future;

(D) among the foremost needs that the surface transportation system must meet to provide for a strong and vigorous national economy are safe, efficient, resilient, and reliable—

(i) national and interregional personal mobility (including personal mobility in rural and urban areas) and reduced congestion;

(ii) flow of interstate and international commerce and freight transportation; and

(iii) travel movements essential for national security;

(E) special emphasis should be devoted to providing safe and efficient access for the type and size of commercial and military vehicles that access designated National Highway System intermodal freight terminals;

(F) the connection between land use and infrastructure is significant;

(G) transportation should play a significant role in promoting economic growth, improving the environment, and sustaining the quality of life; and

(H) the Secretary should take appropriate actions to preserve and enhance the Interstate System to meet the needs of the 21st Century.

(4) Expedited project delivery.—

(A) In general.— Congress declares that it is in the national interest to expedite the delivery of surface transportation projects by substantially reducing the average length of the environmental review process.

(B) Policy of the united states.— Accordingly, it is the policy of the United States that—

(i) the Secretary shall have the lead role among Federal agencies in carrying out the environmental review process for surface transportation projects;

(ii) each Federal agency shall cooperate with the Secretary to expedite the environmental review process for surface transportation projects;

(iii) project sponsors shall not be prohibited from carrying out preconstruction project development activities concurrently with the environmental review process;

(iv) programmatic approaches shall be used to reduce the need for project-by-project reviews and decisions by Federal agencies; and

(v) the Secretary shall identify opportunities for project sponsors to assume responsibilities of the Secretary where such responsibilities can be assumed in a manner that protects public health, the environment, and public participation.

(c) It is the sense of Congress that under existing law no part of any sums authorized to be appropriated for expenditure upon any Federal-aid highway which has been apportioned pursuant to the provisions of this title shall be impounded or withheld from obligation, for purposes and projects as provided in this title, by any officer or employee in the executive branch of the Federal Government, except such specific sums as may be determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, after consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, are necessary to be withheld from obligation for specific periods of time to assure that sufficient amounts will be available in the Highway Trust Fund to defray the expenditures which will be required to be made from such fund.

(d) No funds authorized to be appropriated from the Highway Trust Fund shall be expended by or on behalf of any Federal department, agency, or instrumentality other than the Federal Highway Administration unless funds for such expenditure are identified and included as a line item in an appropriation Act and are to meet obligations of the United States heretofore or hereafter incurred under this title attributable to the construction of Federal-aid highways or highway planning, research, or development, or as otherwise specifically authorized to be appropriated from the Highway Trust Fund by Federal-aid highway legislation.

(e) It is the national policy that to the maximum extent possible the procedures to be utilized by the Secretary and all other affected heads of Federal departments, agencies, and instrumentalities for carrying out this title and any other provision of law relating to the Federal highway programs shall encourage the substantial minimization of paperwork and interagency decision procedures and the best use of available manpower and funds so as to prevent needless duplication and unnecessary delays at all levels of government.

(Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 885; Pub. L. 86–70, § 21(e)(1), June 25, 1959, 73 Stat. 146; Pub. L. 86–624, § 17(a), July 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 415; Pub. L. 87–866, § 6(a), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1147; Pub. L. 88–423, § 3, Aug. 13, 1964, 78 Stat. 397; Pub. L. 89–574, § 4(a), Sept. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 767; Pub. L. 90–495, §§ 4(a), 8, 15, Aug. 23, 1968, 82 Stat. 816, 819, 822; Pub. L. 91–605, title I, §§ 104(a), 106(a), 107, 117(d), 130, 141, Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1714, 1716, 1718, 1724, 1732, 1737; Pub. L. 93–87, title I, §§ 105, 106(a), 107, 108, 152(1), Aug. 13, 1973, 87 Stat. 253–255, 276; Pub. L. 93–643, § 102(b), Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2281; Pub. L. 94–280, title I, §§ 107(a), 108, May 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 430, 431; Pub. L. 95–599, title I, § 106, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2693; Pub. L. 97–424, title I, §§ 126(c), 159, Jan. 6, 1983, 96 Stat. 2115, 2135; Pub. L. 100–17, title I, §§ 102(b)(3), 108, 109, 133(b)(2), (3), Apr. 2, 1987, 101 Stat. 135, 146, 171; Pub. L. 101–427, Oct. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 927; Pub. L. 102–240, title I, §§ 1001(g), 1005, 1006(g)(1), 1007(c), Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 1916, 1922, 1927, 1931; Pub. L. 104–59, title III, §§ 301(b), 311(b), Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 578, 583; Pub. L. 105–178, title I, § 1201, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 164; Pub. L. 109–59, title I, §§ 1122, 1909(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1196, 1470; Pub. L. 110–244, title I, § 101(h), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1574; Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title I, §§ 1103, 1301(c), 1501, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 419, 528, 560; Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title I, § 1103, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1328; Pub. L. 117–58, div. A, title I, §§ 11103, 11123(a), 11525(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 453, 499, 607.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 108(b) of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 (70 Stat. 374), referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is section 108(b) of act June 29, 1956, ch. 462, 70 Stat. 378, which is set out below.

Amendments

2021—Subsec. (a)(4)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, § 11103(1)(A), inserted “assessing resilience,” after “surveying,”.

Subsec. (a)(4)(H), (I). Pub. L. 117–58, § 11103(1)(B)–(D), added subpar. (H) and redesignated former subpar. (H) as (I).

Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 117–58, § 11103(3), added par. (17). Former par. (17) redesignated (18).

Subsec. (a)(18) to (23). Pub. L. 117–58, § 11103(2), redesignated pars. (17) to (22) as (18) to (23), respectively. Former par. (23) redesignated (25).

Subsec. (a)(24). Pub. L. 117–58, § 11103(4), added par. (24). Former par. (24) redesignated (26).

Subsec. (a)(25) to (32). Pub. L. 117–58, § 11103(2), redesignated pars. (23) to (30) as (25) to (32), respectively. Former par. (32) redesignated (34).

Subsec. (a)(32)(A). Pub. L. 117–58, § 11103(5), inserted dash after “through” and cl. (i) designation before “the implementation”, substituted “; and” for period at end of cl. (i), and added cl. (ii).

Subsec. (a)(33) to (36). Pub. L. 117–58, § 11103(2), redesignated pars. (31) to (34) as (33) to (36), respectively.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 117–58, § 11525(a), inserted “Highways” after “Defense”.

Subsec. (b)(3)(D). Pub. L. 117–58, § 11123(a), inserted “resilient,” after “efficient,” in introductory provisions.

2015—Subsec. (a)(15) to (29). Pub. L. 114–94 added par. (15), redesignated pars. (15) to (28) as (16) to (29), respectively, and struck out former par. (29) which defined transportation alternatives.

2012—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(3), added par. (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (3).

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 112–141, §§ 1103(a)(2), 1501, redesignated par. (2) as (3) and substituted “designating existing facilities for use for preferential parking for carpools, and real-time ridesharing projects, such as projects where drivers, using an electronic transfer of funds, recover costs directly associated with the trip provided through the use of location technology to quantify those direct costs, subject to the condition that the cost recovered does not exceed the cost of the trip provided” for “and designating existing facilities for use for preferential parking for carpools”. Former par. (3) redesignated (4).

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(2), (4)(A), redesignated par. (3) as (4) and inserted “or any project eligible for assistance under this title” after “reconstruction of a highway” in introductory provisions. Former par. (4) redesignated (5).

Subsec. (a)(4)(A). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(4)(B), added subpar. (A) and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: “locating, surveying, and mapping (including the establishment of temporary and permanent geodetic markers in accordance with specifications of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the Department of Commerce);”.

Subsec. (a)(4)(B). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(4)(C), inserted “reconstruction,” before “resurfacing,” and substituted “rehabilitation, and preservation” for “and rehabilitation”.

Subsec. (a)(4)(E). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(4)(D), substituted “railway-highway” for “railway”.

Subsec. (a)(4)(F). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(4)(E), substituted “hazards” for “obstacles”.

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(2), redesignated par. (4) as (5). Former par. (5) redesignated (6).

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(2), (5), redesignated par. (5) as (6) and inserted “public” before “highway eligible” and “functionally” before “classified”.

Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(1), struck out par. (6). Text read as follows: “The term ‘Federal-aid system’ means any of the Federal-aid highway systems described in section 103.”

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(1), (6), added par. (7) and struck out former par. (7). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The term ‘Federal lands highway’ means a forest highway, public lands highway, park road, parkway, refuge road, and Indian reservation road that is a public road.”

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(6), added par. (8). Former par. (8) redesignated (9).

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(1), (2), redesignated par. (8) as (9) and struck out former par. (9). Prior to amendment, text of par. (9) read as follows: “The term ‘forest highway’ means a forest road under the jurisdiction of, and maintained by, a public authority and open to public travel.”

Subsec. (a)(11)(B). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(7), inserted “including public roads on dams” after “drainage structure”.

Subsec. (a)(12). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(1), (2), redesignated par. (13) as (12) and struck out former par. (12) which defined Indian reservation road.

Subsec. (a)(13). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(2), redesignated par. (14) as (13). Former par. (13) redesignated (12).

Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(2), (8), redesignated par. (15) as (14), substituted “as an air quality” for “as a”, and inserted “air quality” before “attainment area”. Former par. (14) redesignated (13).

Subsec. (a)(15) to (17). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(2), redesignated pars. (16) to (18) as (15) to (17), respectively. Former par. (15) redesignated (14).

Subsec. (a)(18). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(2), (9), redesignated par. (21) as (18) and substituted “any undertaking” for “an undertaking to construct a particular portion of a highway, or if the context so implies, the particular portion of a highway so constructed or any other undertaking”. Former par. (18) redesignated (17).

Subsec. (a)(19). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(2), (10), redesignated par. (22) as (19) and substituted “the Secretary and the recipient” for “the State transportation department and the Secretary”.

Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(1), struck out par. (19). Text read as follows: “The term ‘park road’ means a public road, including a bridge built primarily for pedestrian use, but with capacity for use by emergency vehicles, that is located within, or provides access to, an area in the National Park System with title and maintenance responsibilities vested in the United States.”

Subsec. (a)(20). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(1), (2), redesignated par. (23) as (20) and struck out former par. (20). Prior to amendment, text of par. (20) read as follows: “The term ‘parkway’, as used in chapter 2 of this title, means a parkway authorized by Act of Congress on lands to which title is vested in the United States.”

Subsec. (a)(21). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(2), redesignated par. (27) as (21). Former par. (21) redesignated (18).

Subsec. (a)(22). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(2), redesignated par. (29) as (22). Former par. (22) redesignated (19).

Subsec. (a)(23). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(11), added par. (23) and struck out former par. (23). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The term ‘safety improvement project’ means a project that corrects or improves high hazard locations, eliminates roadside obstacles, improves highway signing and pavement marking, installs priority control systems for emergency vehicles at signalized intersections, installs or replaces emergency motorist aid call boxes, or installs traffic control or warning devices at locations with high accident potential.”

Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(2), redesignated par. (30) as (23). Former par. (23) redesignated (20).

Subsec. (a)(24). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(1), (2), redesignated par. (31) as (24) and struck out former par. (24). Prior to amendment, text of par. (24) read as follows: “The term ‘public lands development roads and trails’ means those roads and trails that the Secretary of the Interior determines are of primary importance for the development, protection, administration, and utilization of public lands and resources under the control of the Secretary of the Interior.”

Subsec. (a)(25), (26). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(1), (2), redesignated pars. (32) and (33) as (25) and (26), respectively, and struck out former pars. (25) and (26) which defined public lands highway and public lands highways, respectively.

Subsec. (a)(27). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(12), added par. (27). Former par. (27) redesignated (21).

Subsec. (a)(28). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(1), (2), redesignated par. (34) as (28) and struck out former par. (28). Prior to amendment, text of par. (28) read as follows: “The term ‘refuge road’ means a public road that provides access to or within a unit of the National Wildlife Refuge System and for which title and maintenance responsibility is vested in the United States Government.”

Subsec. (a)(29). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(13), added par. (29) and struck out former par. (29) which defined transportation enhancement activity.

Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(2), redesignated par. (35) as (29). Former par. (29) redesignated (22).

Subsec. (a)(30) to (32). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(2), (14), added pars. (30) to (32) and redesignated former pars. (30) to (32) as (23) to (25), respectively.

Subsec. (a)(33) to (37). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(2), redesignated pars. (33) to (37) as (26), (28), (29), (33), and (34), respectively.

Subsec. (a)(38), (39). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(a)(1), struck out pars. (38) and (39) which defined advanced truck stop electrification system and transportation systems management and operations, respectively.

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1301(c), added par. (4).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–141, § 1103(b), substituted “Federal-aid highway” for “Federal-aid system”.

2008—Subsec. (a)(39). Pub. L. 110–244 added par. (39).

2005—Subsec. (a)(35). Pub. L. 109–59, § 1122(a), amended heading and text of par. (35) generally, substituting introductory provisions and subpars. (A) to (L) defining “Transportation enhancement activity” for substantially identical undesignated provisions defining “Transportation enhancement activities”.

Subsec. (a)(38). Pub. L. 109–59, § 1122(b), added par. (38).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–59, § 1909(a), inserted subsec. heading, substituted heading and text of par. (1) for first undesignated par. relating to declaration that it was in the national interest to accelerate the construction of the Federal-aid highway systems, designated second undesignated par. as par. (2), inserted heading, and substituted “Congress declares that the prompt and early completion of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways (referred to in this section as the ‘Interstate System’), so named because of its primary importance to the national defense, is essential to the national interest” for “It is hereby declared that the prompt and early completion of The Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways, so named because of its primary importance to the national defense and hereafter referred to as the ‘Interstate System’, is essential to the national interest and is one of the most important objectives of this Act”, and substituted heading and text of par. (3) for third undesignated par. relating to the national policy that increased emphasis be placed on the construction and reconstruction of the other Federal-aid systems.

1998—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–178 inserted heading and amended text of subsec. (a) generally, alphabetizing, numbering, and inserting headings for terms defined, inserting definitions of “maintenance area” and “refuge road”, and substituting definition of “State transportation department” for definition of “State highway department”.

1995—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–59, § 311(b), in first sentence of definition of “construction”, inserted “bond costs and other costs relating to the issuance in accordance with section 122 of bonds or other debt financing instruments,” after “highway, including”.

Pub. L. 104–59, § 301(b)(1), in definition of “project”, inserted before period at end “or any other undertaking eligible for assistance under this title”.

Pub. L. 104–59, § 301(b)(2), added provision defining “operating costs for traffic monitoring, management, and control” and struck out former provision defining “startup costs for traffic management and control” which read as follows: “The term ‘startup costs for traffic management and control’ means initial costs (including labor costs, administration costs, cost of utilities, and rent) for integrated traffic control systems, incident management programs, and traffic control centers.”

1991—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–240, § 1006(g)(1), added provision defining “Federal-aid highways” and struck out former provision which read as follows: “The term ‘Federal-aid highways’ means highways located on one of the Federal-aid systems described in section 103 of this title.”

Pub. L. 102–240, § 1005(a), in definition of “highway safety improvement project”, inserted “installs priority control systems for emergency vehicles at signalized intersections” after “marking,”.

Pub. L. 102–240, § 1005(d)(3), in definition of “Indian reservation roads”, struck out “, including roads on the Federal-aid systems,” after “public roads”.

Pub. L. 102–240, § 1005(d)(4), in definition of “park road”, inserted “, including a bridge built primarily for pedestrian use, but with capacity for use by emergency vehicles” before “that is located”.

Pub. L. 102–240, § 1005(b), inserted provision defining “urbanized area” and struck out former provision which read as follows: “The term ‘urbanized area’ means an area so designated by the Bureau of the Census, within boundaries to be fixed by responsible State and local officials in cooperation with each other, subject to approval by the Secretary. Such boundaries shall, as a minimum, encompass the entire urbanized area within a State as designated by the Bureau of the Census.”

Pub. L. 102–240, § 1005(c), inserted provision defining “National Highway System” and struck out former provision defining “Federal-aid primary system” which read as follows: “The term ‘Federal-aid primary system’ means the Federal-aid highway system described in subsection (b) of section 103 of this title.”

Pub. L. 102–240, § 1005(d)(1), (2), struck out provisions defining “Federal-aid secondary system” and “Federal-aid urban system” which read as follows:

“The term ‘Federal-aid secondary system’ means the Federal-aid highway system described in subsection (c) of section 103 of this title.

“The term ‘Federal-aid urban system’ means the Federal-aid highway system described in subsection (d) of section 103 of this title.”

Pub. L. 102–240, § 1005(e), in definition of “Interstate System”, inserted “Dwight D. Eisenhower” before “National”.

Pub. L. 102–240, § 1005(g), inserted provisions defining “start-up costs for traffic management and control”, “carpool project”, “public authority” and “public lands highway”.

Pub. L. 102–240, § 1005(f), inserted provision defining “operational improvement”.

Pub. L. 102–240, § 1007(c), inserted provision defining “transportation enhancement activities”.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102–240, § 1001(g), substituted “forty” for “thirty-seven” and “1996” for “1993” in second par.

1990—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–427 substituted “The Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways” for “the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways” in first two pars.

1987—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–17, § 108, in definition of “construction”, inserted “elimination of roadside obstacles,” after “grade crossings,”.

Pub. L. 100–17, § 133(b)(2), substituted definition of “forest road or trail” for “forest or trail”.

Pub. L. 100–17, § 109, in definition of “highway safety improvement project”, inserted “installs or replaces emergency motorist-aid call boxes,” after “pavement marking,”.

Pub. L. 100–17, § 133(b)(3), amended definition of “park road” generally. Prior to amendment, definition read as follows: “The term ‘park road’ means a public road that is located within or provides access to an area in the national park system.”

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–17, § 102(b)(3), substituted “thirty-seven years’ ” for “thirty-four years’ ” and “1993” for “1990” in second par.

1983—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–424, § 126(c)(1), substituted provision that “park road” means a public road that is located within or provides access to an area in the national park system, for provision that “park roads and trails” means those roads or trails, including the necessary bridges, located in national parks or monuments, now or hereafter established, or in other areas administered by the National Park Service of the Department of the Interior (excluding parkways authorized by Acts of Congress) and also including approach roads to national parks or monuments authorized by the Act of January 31, 1931 (46 Stat. 1053), as amended.

Pub. L. 97–424, § 126(c)(2), substituted “The term ‘Indian reservation roads’ means public roads, including roads” for “The term ‘Indian reservation roads and bridges’ means roads and bridges, including roads and bridges” before “on the Federal-aid systems”.

Pub. L. 97–424, § 126(c)(3), inserted provision defining “Federal lands highways”.

Pub. L. 97–424, § 159, in definition of “construction”, inserted provision that it also includes costs incurred by the State in performing Federal-aid project related audits which directly benefit the Federal-aid highway program.

1978—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–599, § 106(a), in definition of “construction” inserted provision relating to capital improvements.

Pub. L. 95–599, § 106(b)(1), in definition of “forest road or trail”, inserted provisions requiring contingency or service to the National Forest System and necessity for the protection, administration, and utilization thereof.

Pub. L. 95–599, § 106(b)(2), defined “forest development roads or trails” in terms of a forest road or trail under the jurisdiction of the Forest Service rather than in terms of a forest road or trail of primary importance for the protection, administration, and utilization of the national forest or other areas under the jurisdiction of the Forest Service.

Pub. L. 95–599, § 106(b)(3), defined “forest highway” in terms of a forest road under the jurisdiction of, and maintained by, a public authority and open to public travel rather than in terms of a forest road which is of primary importance to the States, counties, or communities contingent to national forests and which is a Federal-aid system.

Pub. L. 95–599, § 106(b)(4), inserted definition of “highway safety improvement project”.

1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–280, § 108, defined “construction” to include resurfacing, restoration, and rehabilitation and “urban area” to exclude cities in the States of Maine and New Hampshire and inserted definition of “public road”.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–280, § 107(a), substituted provision for completion of the Interstate System over a thirty-four year period, through the fiscal year ending September 30, 1990, for a prior provision for such completion over a twenty-three period, through the fiscal year ending June 30, 1979.

1975—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93–643 defined “Indian reservation roads and bridges” to include roads and bridges on the Federal-aid systems.

1973—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93–87, § 105(1), in definition of “construction”, substituted “National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration” for “Coast and Geodetic Survey” and extended definition to include improvements which directly facilitate and control traffic flow, such as grade separation of intersections, widening of lanes, channelization of traffic, traffic control systems, and passenger loading and unloading areas.

Pub. L. 93–87, § 105(3), in definition of “Indian reservation roads and bridges”, substituted “approval of the Federal Government, or Indian and Alaska Native villages, groups, or communities in which Indians and Alaskan Natives reside, whom the Secretary of the Interior has determined are eligible for services generally available to Indians under Federal laws specifically applicable to Indians” for “approval of the Federal Government on which Indians reside whom the Secretary of the Interior has determined to be eligible for services generally available to Indians under Federal laws specifically applicable to Indians”.

Pub. L. 93–87, § 152(1), in definition of “Secretary”, substituted “Secretary of Transportation” for “Secretary of Commerce”.

Pub. L. 93–87, § 105(4), in definition of “urbanized area”, provided for boundaries of the “urbanized area” to be fixed by responsible State and local officials in cooperation with each other, subject to approval by the Secretary, and required such boundaries, as a minimum, to encompass the entire urbanized area within a State as designated by the Bureau of the Census.

Pub. L. 93–87, § 105(2), in definition of “urban area”, substituted “an urbanized area or, in the case of an urbanized area encompassing more than one State, that part of the urbanized area in each such State, or an urban place as designated by the Bureau of the Census having a population of five thousand or more and not within any urbanized area, within boundaries to be fixed by responsible State and local officials in cooperation with each other, subject to approval by the Secretary” for “an area including and adjacent to a municipality or other urban place having a population of five thousand or more, as determined by the latest available Federal census, within boundaries to be fixed by a State highway department subject to the approval of the Secretary”, and required such boundaries, as a minimum, to encompass the entire urban place designated by the Bureau of the Census.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 93–87, §§ 106(a), 107, extended time for completion of the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, substituting in second par. “twenty-three years” and “June 30, 1979” for “twenty years” and “June 30, 1976”, and inserted third par. declaratory of national policy, since the Interstate System is now in the final phase of completion, that increased emphasis be placed on the construction and reconstruction of the other Federal-aid systems in accordance with the first par. of subsec. (b), in order to bring all of the Federal-aid systems up to standards and to increase the safety of these systems to the maximum extent.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 93–87, § 108, added subsec. (e).

1970—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–605, §§ 106(a), 117(d), 130, 141, inserted definitions of “urbanized area” and “Federal-aid urban system”, substituted “subsection (e)” for “subsection (d)” in definition of “Interstate System”, included within the costs of construction, under the definition of “construction”, relocation assistance, acquisition of replacement housing sites, acquisition, and rehabilitation, relocation, and construction of replacement housing, and substituted “acquisition” for “costs” of rights-of-way, broadened definition of “Indian reservation roads and bridges” to include roads and bridges on State controlled Indian reservations, trust lands, and restricted Indian lands, a well as roads and bridges on such lands under Federal control, and inserted in definitions of “forest highway” and “public lands highways” provisions to ensure that these highways be on the Federal-aid systems.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 91–605, § 104(a), substituted “twenty years” for “eighteen years” and “June 30, 1976” for “June 30, 1974”.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 91–605, § 107, substituted “any officer or employee in the executive branch of the Federal Government” for “any officer or employee of any department, agency, or instrumentality of the executive branch of the Federal Government” and “Highway Trust Fund” for “highway trust fund”.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 91–605, § 107, substituted provisions prohibiting expenditure of funds from the Highway Trust Fund by any department other than the Federal Highway Administration unless these funds are identified and included as a line item in an appropriation Act and are to meet obligations incurred under this title attributable to the construction of Federal aid highways or for planning, research, or development, or as otherwise specifically authorized to be appropriated from the Highway Trust Fund by Federal-aid highway legislation for provisions expressing essentially the same prohibitions but permitting expenditures to meet obligations incurred under this title attributable to Federal-aid highways, and contracted for in accordance with the Act of March 4, 1915, as amended [section 686 of Title 31, Money and Finance], relating to work or services not usually performed by the Federal Highway Administration, or relating to the furnishing of materials, supplies or equipment, and expenditures specifically identified in the budget and included in an appropriation Act.

1968—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 90–495, § 8, inserted “and other areas administered by the Forest Service” after “national forests” and “national forest” in definitions of “forest road or trail” and “forest development roads and trails”.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 90–495, § 4(a), substituted a reference to “eighteen years’ appropriation” for reference to “sixteen years’ appropriation” and substituted “June 30, 1974” for “June 30, 1972”.

Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 90–495, § 15, added subsecs. (c) and (d).

1966—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 89–574 substituted a reference to “sixteen years’ appropriation” for reference to “fifteen years’ appropriation” and substituted “June 30, 1972” for “June 30, 1971”.

1964—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 88–423 substituted “fifteen years” for “thirteen years” and “June 30, 1971” for “June 30, 1969”.

1962—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 87–866 inserted definition of “public lands development roads and trails”.

1960—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 86–624 substituted “fifty States, the District of Columbia, or Puerto Rico” for “forty-nine States, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, or Puerto Rico” in definition of “State”.

1959—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 86–70 substituted “forty-nine States, the District of Columbia, Hawaii” for “forty-eight States, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Alaska” in definition of “State”.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2021 Amendment

Pub. L. 117–58, div. A, § 10003, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 443, provided that: “Except as otherwise provided, this division [see Tables for classification] and the amendments made by this division take effect on October 1, 2021.”

Effective Date of 2015 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–94 effective Oct. 1, 2015, see section 1003 of Pub. L. 114–94, set out as a note under section 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Effective and Termination Dates of 2012 Amendment

Pub. L. 112–141, § 3(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 413, provided that: “Except as otherwise provided, divisions A, B, C (other than sections 32603(d), 32603(g), 32912, and 34002 of that division) and E [see Tables for classification], including the amendments made by those divisions, take effect on October 1, 2012.”

Pub. L. 112–141, § 3(b), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 413, provided that: “Except as otherwise provided, any reference to the date of enactment of the MAP–21 or to the date of enactment of the Federal Public Transportation Act of 2012 in the divisions described in subsection (a) [set out above] or in an amendment made by those divisions [see Tables for classification] shall be deemed to be a reference to the effective date of those divisions [Oct. 1, 2012].”

Pub. L. 112–140, § 1(c), June 29, 2012, 126 Stat. 391, provided that: “On the date of enactment of the MAP–21 [Pub. L. 112–141, approved July 6, 2012]— “(1) this Act [see Short Title of 2012 Amendment note below] and the amendments made by this Act shall cease to be effective; “(2) the text of the laws amended by this Act shall revert back so as to read as the text read on the day before the date of enactment of this Act [June 29, 2012]; and “(3) the amendments made by the MAP–21 [see Tables for classification] shall be executed as if this Act had not been enacted.”

Effective Date of 2008 Amendment

Pub. L. 110–244, title I, § 121(a), (b), June 6, 2008, 122 Stat. 1608, provided that: “(a) In General.—Except as otherwise provided in this Act (including subsection (b)), this Act [see Tables for classification] and the amendments made by this Act take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [June 6, 2008]. “(b) Exception.—“(1) In general.—The amendments made by this Act (other than the amendments made by sections 101(g), 101(m)(1)(H) [amending section 144 of this title, not Pub. L. 109–59], 103, 105, 109, and 201(o)) to the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (Public Law 109–59; 119 Stat. 1144) shall—“(A) take effect as of the date of enactment of that Act [Aug. 10, 2005]; and “(B) be treated as being included in that Act as of that date. “(2) Effect of amendments.—Each provision of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (Public Law 109–59; 119 Stat. 1144) (including the amendments made by that Act) (as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this Act [June 6, 2008]) that is amended by this Act (other than sections 101(g), 101(m)(1)(H), 103, 105, 109, and 201(o)) shall be treated as not being enacted.”

Effective Date of 1998 Amendment

Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, § 9016, July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 868, provided that: “This title [see Tables for classification] and the amendments made by this title shall take effect simultaneously with the enactment of the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century [Pub. L. 105–178]. For purposes of all Federal laws, the amendments made by this title shall be treated as being included in the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century at the time of the enactment of such Act [June 9, 1998], and the provisions of such Act (including the amendments made by such Act) (as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this Act [July 22, 1998]) that are amended by this title shall be treated as not being enacted.”

Effective Date of 1991 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 102–240 effective Dec. 18, 1991, and applicable to funds authorized to be appropriated or made available after Sept. 30, 1991, and, with certain exceptions, not applicable to funds appropriated or made available on or before Sept. 30, 1991, see section 1100 of Pub. L. 102–240, set out as a note under section 104 of this title.

Effective Date of 1970 Amendment

Pub. L. 91–605, title I, § 147, Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1739, provided that: “The amendments made by section 117 [enacting section 510 of this title, amending this section, and renumbering sections 511 and 512 of this title], 120 [amending provisions set out as a note under section 502 of this title], and 137 of this Act [amending section 506 of this title] shall not take effect if before the effective date of this Act [Dec. 31, 1970] the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Land Acquisition Policies Act of 1970 has been enacted into law.” The Uniform Relocation Assistance and Land Acquisition Policies Act of 1970, enacted as Pub. L. 91–646, 84 Stat. 1894, was approved Jan. 2, 1971, whereas this Act (Title I of Pub. L. 91–605) was approved Dec. 31, 1970, therefore the amendments made by sections 117, 120, and 137 of Title I of Pub. L. 91–605 took effect.

Effective Date of 1968 Amendment

Pub. L. 90–495, § 37, Aug. 23, 1968, 82 Stat. 836, as amended by Pub. L. 91–605, title I, § 120, Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1725, provided that: “(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section, this Act and the amendments made by this Act [enacting sections 135, 139, 140, 141, and 501 to 511 of this title, amending this section, sections 103, 104, 108, 112, 113, 115, 116, 120, 125, 128, 129, 131, 135, 136, 138, 205, 319, and 402 of this title, section 636 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and section 1653 of former Title 49, Transportation, repealing section 133 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 104, 108, 125, 134, 501, 502, and 510 of this title] shall take effect on the date of its enactment [Aug. 23, 1968], except that until July 1, 1970, sections 502, 505, 506, 507, and 508 of title 23, United States Code, as added by this Act, shall be applicable to a State only to the extent that such State is able under its laws to comply with such sections. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section, after July 1, 1970, such sections shall be completely applicable to all States. Section 133 of title 23, United States Code, shall not apply to any State if sections 502, 505, 506, 507, and 508 of title 23, United States Code, are applicable in that State, and effective July 1, 1970, such section 133 is repealed. “(b) In the case of any State (1) which is required to amend its constitution to comply with sections 502, 505, 506, 507, and 508 of title 23, United States Code, and (2) which cannot submit the required constitutional amendment for ratification prior to July 1, 1970, the date of July 1, 1970, contained in subsection (a) of this section shall be extended to July 1, 1972.”

Effective Date of 1959 Amendment

Pub. L. 86–70, § 21(e), June 25, 1959, 73 Stat. 146, provided that the amendments made by that section (amending this section and sections 104, 116, and 120 of this title) are effective July 1, 1959.

Short Title of 2021 Amendment

Pub. L. 117–58, § 1(a), Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 429, provided that: “This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act’.”

Pub. L. 117–58, div. A, § 10001, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 443, provided that: “This division [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Surface Transportation Reauthorization Act of 2021’.”

Pub. L. 117–52, § 1, Oct. 31, 2021, 135 Stat. 409, provided that: “This Act [amending sections 9503, 9504, and 9508 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 9503 of Title 26, amending provisions set out as notes under this section, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 9503 of Title 26] may be cited as the ‘Further Surface Transportation Extension Act of 2021’.”

Pub. L. 117–44, § 1, Oct. 2, 2021, 135 Stat. 382, provided that: “This Act [amending sections 9503, 9504, and 9508 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 9503 of Title 26] may be cited as the ‘Surface Transportation Extension Act of 2021’.”

Short Title of 2015 Amendment

Pub. L. 114–94, § 1(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1312, provided that: “This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act’ or the ‘FAST Act’.”

Pub. L. 114–94, div. A, title VI, § 6001, Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1561, provided that: “This title [enacting section 519 of this title and sections 6314 and 6501 to 6503 of Title 49, Transportation, amending sections 502, 503, 512, 514, 515, 517, and 518 of this title, sections 5313, 5315, and 5316 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and sections 102, 330, 5115, 5118, 5505, 6302, and 6307 of Title 49, repealing section 508 of this title and sections 112 and 5503 of Title 49, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 150, 501, and 503 of this title and sections 301 and 6501 of Title 49, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 502 and 512 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Transportation for Tomorrow Act of 2015’.”

Pub. L. 114–87, § 1(a), Nov. 20, 2015, 129 Stat. 677, provided that: “This Act [amending section 403 of this title, section 777c of Title 16, Conservation, sections 9503, 9504, and 9508 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, and sections 5128, 5311, 5336, 5338, 5339, 31104, and 31144 of Title 49, Transportation, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 104, 202, and 402 of this title and sections 31100 and 31301 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Surface Transportation Extension Act of 2015, Part II’.”

Pub. L. 114–73, § 1(a), Oct. 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 568, provided that: “This Act [amending section 403 of this title, section 777c of Title 16, Conservation, sections 9503, 9504, and 9508 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, and sections 5128, 5311, 5336, 5338, 5339, 20157, 31104, and 31144 of Title 49, Transportation, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 20101 of Title 49, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 104, 202, and 402 of this title and sections 31100 and 31301 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Surface Transportation Extension Act of 2015’.”

Pub. L. 114–41, § 1(a), July 31, 2015, 129 Stat. 443, provided that: “This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Surface Transportation and Veterans Health Care Choice Improvement Act of 2015’.”

Pub. L. 114–21, § 1(a), May 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 218, provided that: “This Act [amending section 403 of this title, section 777c of Title 16, Conservation, sections 9503, 9504, and 9508 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, and sections 5128, 5311, 5336, 5338, 5339, 31104, and 31144 of Title 49, Transportation, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 104, 202, and 402 of this title and sections 31100 and 31301 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Highway and Transportation Funding Act of 2015’.”

Short Title of 2014 Amendment

Pub. L. 113–159, § 1(a), Aug. 8, 2014, 128 Stat. 1839, provided that: “This Act [amending section 403 of this title, section 777c of Title 16, Conservation, section 58c of Title 19, Customs Duties, sections 430, 436, 9503, 9504, and 9508 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, sections 1021, 1056, and 1083 of Title 29, Labor, and sections 5128, 5311, 5336, 5338, 5339, 31104, and 31144 of Title 49, Transportation, enacting provisions set out as notes under section 101 of this title, sections 430 and 436 of Title 26, and section 1021 of Title 29, amending provisions set out as notes under sections 104, 202, and 402 of this title and sections 31100 and 31301 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Highway and Transportation Funding Act of 2014’.”

Short Title of 2012 Amendment

Pub. L. 112–141, § 1(a), July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 405, provided that: “This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act’ or the ‘MAP–21’.”

Pub. L. 112–141, div. A, title II, § 2001, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 607, provided that: “This title [amending sections 601 to 609 of this title] may be cited as the ‘America Fast Forward Financing Innovation Act of 2012’.”

Pub. L. 112–141, div. C, title I, § 31001, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 732, provided that: “This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Motor Vehicle and Highway Safety Improvement Act of 2012’ or ‘Mariah’s Act’.”

Pub. L. 112–141, div. E, § 50001, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 864, provided that: “This division [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Transportation Research and Innovative Technology Act of 2012’.”

Pub. L. 112–141, div. G, § 110001, July 6, 2012, 126 Stat. 980, provided that: “This division [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Surface Transportation Extension Act of 2012, Part II’.”

Pub. L. 112–140, § 1(a), June 29, 2012, 126 Stat. 391, provided that: “This Act [amending section 327 of this title, sections 460l–11 and 777c of Title 16, Conservation, sections 4041, 4051, 4071, 4081, 4221, 4482, 4483, 6412, 9503, 9504, and 9508 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, and sections 5305, 5307, 5309, 5311, 5337, 5338, 31104, and 31144 of Title 49, Transportation, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, section 327 of this title, section 460l–11 of Title 16, and section 9503 of Title 26, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 5309, 5310, 5338, 14710, 31100, and 31301 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Temporary Surface Transportation Extension Act of 2012’.”

Pub. L. 112–102, § 1(a), Mar. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 271, provided that: “This Act [amending sections 460l–11 and 777c of Title 16, Conservation, sections 4041, 4051, 4071, 4081, 4221, 4481 to 4483, 6412, 9503, 9504, and 9508 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, and sections 5305, 5307, 5309, 5311, 5337, 5338, 31104, and 31144 of Title 49, Transportation, enacting provisions set out as notes under section 460l–11 of Title 16 and section 9503 of Title 26, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 5309, 5310, 5338, 14710, 31100, and 31301 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Surface Transportation Extension Act of 2012’.”

Short Title of 2011 Amendment

Pub. L. 112–30, § 1(a), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 342, provided that: “This Act [amending sections 405 and 410 of this title, sections 460l–11 and 777c of Title 16, Conservation, sections 4041, 4051, 4071, 4081, 4221, 4261, 4271, 4481 to 4483, 6412, 9502 to 9504, and 9508 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, and sections 106, 5305, 5307, 5309, 5311, 5337, 5338, 31104, 31144, 40117, 41742, 41743, 44302, 44303, 47104, 47107, 47115, 47141, 48101 to 48103, and 49108 of Title 49, Transportation, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, section 460l–11 of Title 16, and sections 1, 4081, 9502, and 9503 of Title 26, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 402, 403, and 405 of this title and sections 5309, 5310, 5338, 14710, 31100, 31301, 41731, and 47109 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Surface and Air Transportation Programs Extension Act of 2011’.”