Regulation (EU) 2021/821 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2021 setting up a Union regime for the control of exports, brokering, technical assistance, transit and transfer of dual-use items (recast)

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS	ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ABEC	Annular Bearing Engineers Committee
ABMA	American Bearing Manufacturers Association
ADC	Analogue-to-Digital Converter
AGMA	American Gear Manufacturers’ Association
AHRS	Attitude and Heading Reference Systems
AISI	American Iron and Steel Institute
ALE	Atomic Layer Epitaxy
ALU	Arithmetic Logic Unit
ANSI	American National Standards Institute
APP	Adjusted Peak Performance
APU	Auxiliary Power Unit
ASTM	American Society for Testing and Materials
ATC	Air Traffic Control
BJT	Bipolar Junction Transistors
BPP	Beam Parameter Product
BSC	Base Station Controller
CAD	Computer-Aided-Design
CAS	Chemical Abstracts Service
CCD	Charge Coupled Device
CDU	Control and Display Unit
CEP	Circular Error Probable
CMM	Coordinate Measuring Machine
CMOS	Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
CNTD	Controlled Nucleation Thermal Deposition
CPLD	Complex Programmable Logic Device
CPU	Central Processing Unit
CVD	Chemical Vapour Deposition
CW	Chemical Warfare
CW (for lasers)	Continuous Wave
DAC	Digital-to-Analogue Converter
DANL	Displayed Average Noise Level
DBRN	Data-Base Referenced Navigation
DDS	Direct Digital Synthesizer
DMA	Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
DME	Distance Measuring Equipment
DMOSFET	Diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
DS	Directionally Solidified
EB	Exploding Bridge
EB-PVD	Electron Beam Physical Vapour Deposition
EBW	Exploding Bridge Wire
ECAD	Electronic Computer-Aided Design
ECM	Electro-Chemical Machining
EDM	Electrical Discharge Machines
EFI	Exploding Foil Initiators
EIRP	Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
EMP	Electromagnetic Pulse
ENOB	Effective Number of Bits
ERF	Electrorheological Finishing
ERP	Effective Radiated Power
ESD	Electrostatic Discharge
ETO	Emitter Turn-Off Thyristor
ETT	Electrical Triggering Thyristor
EU	European Union
EUV	Extreme Ultraviolet
FADEC	Full Authority Digital Engine Control
FFT	Fast Fourier Transform
FPGA	Field Programmable Gate Array
FPIC	Field Programmable Interconnect
FPLA	Field Programmable Logic Array
FPLD	Field Programmable Logic Device
FPO	Floating Point Operation
FWHM	Full-Width Half-Maximum
GAAFET	Gate-All-Around Field-Effect Transistor
GLONASS	Global Navigation Satellite System
GNSS	Global Navigation Satellite System
GPS	Global Positioning System
GSM	Global System for Mobile Communications
GTO	Gate Turn-off Thyristor
HBT	Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor
HDMI	High-Definition Multimedia Interface
HEMT	High Electron Mobility Transistor
ICAO	International Civil Aviation Organization
IEC	International Electrotechnical Commission
IED	Improvised Explosive Device
IEEE	Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
IFOV	Instantaneous Field of View
IGBT	Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
IGCT	Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristor
IHO	International Hydrographic Organization
ILS	Instrument Landing System
IMU	Inertial Measurement Unit
INS	Inertial Navigation System
IP	Internet Protocol
IRS	Inertial Reference System
IRU	Inertial Reference Unit
ISA	International Standard Atmosphere
ISAR	Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar
ISO	International Organization for Standardization
ITU	International Telecommunication Union
JT	Joule-Thomson
LIDAR	Light Detection and Ranging
LIDT	Laser Induced Damage Threshold
LOA	Length Overall
LRU	Line Replaceable Unit
LTT	Light Triggering Thyristor
LUT	Lookup Table
MLS	Microwave Landing Systems
MMIC	Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit
MOCVD	Metal Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition
MOSFET	Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
MPM	Microwave Power Module
MRF	Magnetorheological Finishing
MRF	Minimum Resolvable Feature size
MRI	Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MTBF	Mean-Time-Between-Failures
MTTF	Mean-Time-To-Failure
NA	Numerical Aperture
NDT	Non-Destructive Test
NEQ	Net Explosive Quantity
NIJ	National Institute of Justice
OAM	Operations, Administration or Maintenance
OSI	Open Systems Interconnection
PAI	Polyamide-imides
PAR	Precision Approach Radar
PCL	Passive Coherent Location
PDK	Process Design Kit
PIN	Personal Identification Number
PMAC	Permanent Magnet Alternating Current
PMR	Private Mobile Radio
PVD	Physical Vapour Deposition
ppm	parts per million
QAM	Quadrature-Amplitude-Modulation
QE	Quantum Efficiency
RAP	Reactive Atom Plasmas
RF	Radio Frequency
rms	root mean square
RNC	Radio Network Controller
RNSS	Regional Navigation Satellite System
ROIC	Read-out Integrated Circuit
S-FIL	Step and Flash Imprint Lithography
SAR	Synthetic Aperture Radar
SAS	Synthetic Aperture Sonar
SC	Single Crystal
SCR	Silicon Controlled Rectifier
SFDR	Spurious Free Dynamic Range
SHPL	Super High Powered Laser
SLAR	Sidelooking Airborne Radar
SOI	Silicon-on-Insulator
SQUID	Superconducting Quantum Interference Device
SRA	Shop Replaceable Assembly
SRAM	Static Random Access Memory
SSB	Single Sideband
SSR	Secondary Surveillance Radar
SSS	Side Scan Sonar
TIR	Total Indicated Reading
TVR	Transmitting Voltage Response
u	Atomic Mass Unit
UPR	Unidirectional Positioning Repeatability
UTS	Ultimate Tensile Strength
UV	Ultraviolet
VJFET	Vertical Junction Field Effect Transistor
VOR	Very High Frequency Omni-directional Range
WHO	World Health Organization
WLAN	Wireless Local Area Network

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN THIS ANNEX

Definitions of terms between 'single quotation marks' are given in a Technical Note to the relevant item.

Definitions of terms between "double quotation marks" are as follows:

• N.B.

Category references are given in brackets after the defined term.

"Accuracy" (2 3 6 7), usually measured in terms of inaccuracy, means the maximum deviation, positive or negative, of an indicated value from an accepted standard or true value.

"Active flight control systems" (7) are systems that function to prevent undesirable "aircraft" and missile motions or structural loads by autonomously processing outputs from multiple sensors and then providing necessary preventive commands to effect automatic control.

"Active pixel" (6) is a minimum (single) element of the solid-state array which has a photoelectric transfer function when exposed to light (electromagnetic) radiation.

"Adjusted Peak Performance" (4) is an adjusted peak rate at which "digital computers" perform 64-bit or larger floating point additions and multiplications, and is expressed in Weighted TeraFLOPS (WT) with units of 10¹² adjusted floating point operations per second.

• N.B.

See Category 4, Technical Note.

"Aircraft" (1 6 7 9) means a fixed wing, swivel wing, rotary wing (helicopter), tilt rotor or tilt-wing airborne vehicle.

• N.B.

See also "civil aircraft".

"Airship" (9) means a power-driven airborne vehicle that is kept buoyant by a body of gas (usually helium, formerly hydrogen) which is lighter than air.

"All compensations available" (2) means after all feasible measures available to the manufacturer to minimise all systematic positioning errors for the particular machine-tool model or measuring errors for the particular coordinate measuring machine are considered.

"Allocated by the ITU" (3 5) means the allocation of frequency bands according to the current edition of the ITU Radio Regulations for primary, permitted and secondary services.

• N.B.

Additional and alternative allocations are not included.

"Angular position deviation" (2) means the maximum difference between angular position and the actual, very accurately measured angular position after the workpiece mount of the table has been turned out of its initial position.

"Angle random walk" (7) means the angular error build up with time that is due to white noise in angular rate (IEEE 528-2001).

"APP" (4) is equivalent to "Adjusted Peak Performance".

"Asymmetric algorithm" (5) means a cryptographic algorithm using different, mathematically-related keys for encryption and decryption.

• N.B.

A common use of "asymmetric algorithms" is key management.

"Authentication" (5) means verifying the identity of a user, process or device, often as a prerequisite to allowing access to resources in an information system. This includes verifying the origin or content of a message or other information, and all aspects of access control where there is no encryption of files or text except as directly related to the protection of passwords, Personal Identification Numbers (PINs) or similar data to prevent unauthorised access.

"Average output power" (6) means the total "laser" output energy, in joules, divided by the period over which a series of consecutive pulses is emitted, in seconds. For a series of uniformly spaced pulses it is equal to the total "laser" output energy in a single pulse, in joules, multiplied by the pulse frequency of the "laser", in Hertz.

"Basic scientific research" (GTN NTN) means experimental or theoretical work undertaken principally to acquire new knowledge of the fundamental principles of phenomena or observable facts, not primarily directed towards a specific practical aim or objective.

"Bias" (accelerometer) (7) means the average over a specified time of accelerometer output, measured at specified operating conditions, that has no correlation with input acceleration or rotation. "Bias" is expressed in g or in metres per second squared (g or m/s²). (IEEE 528-2001) (Micro g equals 1 × 10^-6 g).

"Bias" (gyro) (7) means the average over a specified time of gyro output measured at specified operating conditions that has no correlation with input rotation or acceleration. "Bias" is typically expressed in degrees per hour (deg/hr). (IEEE 528-2001).

"Biological agents" (1) are pathogens or toxins, selected or modified (such as altering purity, shelf life, virulence, dissemination characteristics, or resistance to UV radiation) to produce casualties in humans or animals, degrade equipment or damage crops or the environment.

"Charge multiplication" (6) means a form of electronic image amplification defined as the generation of charge carriers as a result of an impact ionisation gain process. "Charge multiplication" sensors may take the form of an image intensifier tube, solid-state detector or "focal plane array"

"CEP" (7) means "Circular Error Probable" - In a circular normal distribution, the radius of the circle containing 50 % of the individual measurements being made, or the radius of the circle within which there is a 50 % probability of being located.

"Chemical mixture" (1) means a solid, liquid or gaseous product made up of two or more components which do not react together under the conditions under which the mixture is stored.

"Circulation-controlled anti-torque or circulation-controlled direction control systems" (7) are systems that use air blown over aerodynamic surfaces to increase or control the forces generated by the surfaces.

"Civil aircraft" (1 3 4 7) means those "aircraft" listed by designation in published airworthiness certification lists by the civil aviation authorities of one or more EU Member States or Wassenaar Arrangement Participating States to fly commercial civil internal and external routes or for legitimate civil, private or business use.

• N.B.

See also "aircraft".

"Compensation systems" (6) consist of the primary scalar sensor, one or more reference sensors (e.g., vector "magnetometers") together with software that permit reduction of the rigid body rotation noise of the platform.

"Composite" (1 2 6 8 9) means a "matrix" and an additional phase or additional phases consisting of particles, whiskers, fibres or any combination thereof, present for a specific purpose or purposes.

"III/V compounds" (3 6) means polycrystalline or binary or complex monocrystalline products consisting of elements of groups IIIA and VA of Mendeleyev's periodic classification table (e.g., gallium arsenide, gallium-aluminium arsenide, indium phosphide).

"Contouring control" (2) means two or more "numerically controlled" motions operating in accordance with instructions that specify the next required position and the required feed rates to that position. These feed rates are varied in relation to each other so that a desired contour is generated. (Reference: ISO/DIS–2806:1980).

"Critical temperature" (1 3 5) (sometimes referred to as the transition temperature) of a specific "superconductive" material means the temperature at which the material loses all resistance to the flow of direct electrical current.

"Cryptographic activation" (5) means any technique that specifically activates or enables cryptographic capability of an item, by means of a mechanism implemented by the manufacturer of the item, where this mechanism is uniquely bound to any of the following:

• 1. A single instance of the item; or

• 1. One customer, for multiple instances of the item.

Technical Notes:

• 1.

"Cryptographic activation" techniques and mechanisms may be implemented as hardware, "software" or "technology".

• 2.

Mechanisms for "cryptographic activation" can, for example, be serial number-based licence keys or authentication instruments such as digitally signed certificates.

"Cryptography" (5) means the discipline which embodies principles, means and methods for the transformation of data in order to hide its information content, prevent its undetected modification or prevent its unauthorised use. "Cryptography" is limited to the transformation of information using one or more 'secret parameters' (e.g., crypto variables) or associated key management.

Notes:

• 1.

"Cryptography" does not include 'fixed' data compression or coding techniques.

• 2.

"Cryptography" includes decryption.

Technical Notes:

• 1.

'Secret parameter': a constant or key kept from the knowledge of others or shared only within a group.

• 2.

'Fixed': the coding or compression algorithm cannot accept externally supplied parameters (e.g., cryptographic or key variables) and cannot be modified by the user.

"CW laser" (6) means a "laser" that produces a nominally constant output energy for greater than 0,25 seconds.

"Cyber incident response" (4) means the process of exchanging necessary information on a cybersecurity incident with individuals or organisations responsible for conducting or coordinating remediation to address the cybersecurity incident.

"Data device" (def) means equipment capable of transmitting or receiving sequences of digital information.

"Data-Based Referenced Navigation" ("DBRN") (7) Systems means systems which use various sources of previously measured geo-mapping data integrated to provide accurate navigation information under dynamic conditions. Data sources include bathymetric maps, stellar maps, gravity maps, magnetic maps or 3-D digital terrain maps.

"Depleted uranium" (0) means uranium depleted in the isotope 235 below that occurring in nature.

"Development" (GTN NTN All) is related to all phases prior to serial production, such as: design, design research, design analyses, design concepts, assembly and testing of prototypes, pilot production schemes, design data, process of transforming design data into a product, configuration design, integration design, layouts.

"Diffusion bonding" (1 2) means a solid-state joining of at least two separate pieces of metals into a single piece with a joint strength equivalent to that of the weakest material, wherein the principal mechanism is interdiffusion of atoms across the interface.

"Digital computer" (4 5) means equipment which can, in the form of one or more discrete variables, perform all of the following:

• a. Accept data;

• b. Store data or instructions in fixed or alterable (writable) storage devices;

• c. Process data by means of a stored sequence of instructions which is modifiable; and

• d. Provide output of data.

• N.B.

Modifications of a stored sequence of instructions include replacement of fixed storage devices, but not a physical change in wiring or interconnections.

"Digital transfer rate" (def) means the total bit rate of the information that is directly transferred on any type of medium.

• N.B.

See also "total digital transfer rate".

"Drift rate" (gyro) (7) means the component of gyro output that is functionally independent of input rotation. It is expressed as an angular rate. (IEEE 528-2001).

"Effective gramme" (0 1) of "special fissile material" means:

• a. For plutonium isotopes and uranium-233, the isotope weight in grammes;

• b. For uranium enriched 1 per cent or greater in the isotope uranium-235, the element weight in grammes multiplied by the square of its enrichment expressed as a decimal weight fraction;

• c. For uranium enriched below 1 per cent in the isotope uranium-235, the element weight in grammes multiplied by 0,0001;

"Electronic assembly" (2 3 4) means a number of electronic components (i.e., 'circuit elements', 'discrete components', integrated circuits, etc.) connected together to perform (a) specific function(s), replaceable as an entity and normally capable of being disassembled.

• N.B.1.

'Circuit element': a single active or passive functional part of an electronic circuit, such as one diode, one transistor, one resistor, one capacitor, etc.

• N.B.2.

'Discrete component': a separately packaged 'circuit element' with its own external connections.

"Energetic materials" (1) means substances or mixtures that react chemically to release energy required for their intended application. "Explosives", "pyrotechnics" and "propellants" are subclasses of energetic materials.

"End-effectors" (2) means grippers, 'active tooling units' and any other tooling that is attached to the baseplate on the end of a "robot" manipulator arm.

• N.B.

'Active tooling unit' means a device for applying motive power, process energy or sensing to the workpiece.

"Equivalent density" (6) means the mass of an optic per unit optical area projected onto the optical surface.

"Equivalent standards" (1) means comparable national or international standards recognised by one or more EU Member States or Wassenaar Arrangement Participating States and applicable to the relevant entry.

"Explosives" (1) means solid, liquid or gaseous substances or mixtures of substances which, in their application as primary, booster, or main charges in warheads, demolition and other applications, are required to detonate.

"FADEC Systems" (9) means Full Authority Digital Engine Control Systems – A digital electronic control system for a gas turbine engine that is able to autonomously control the engine throughout its whole operating range from demanded engine start until demanded engine shut-down, in both normal and fault conditions.

"Fibrous or filamentary materials" (0 1 8 9) include:

• a. Continuous "monofilaments";

• b. Continuous "yarns" and "rovings";

• c. "Tapes", fabrics, random mats and braids;

• d. Chopped fibres, staple fibres and coherent fibre blankets;

• e. Whiskers, either monocrystalline or polycrystalline, of any length;

• f. Aromatic polyamide pulp.

"Fly-by-light system" (7) means a primary digital flight control system employing feedback to control the "aircraft" during flight, where the commands to the effectors/actuators are optical signals.

"Fly-by-wire system" (7) means a primary digital flight control system employing feedback to control the "aircraft" during flight, where the commands to the effectors/actuators are electrical signals.

"Focal plane array" (6 8) means a linear or two-dimensional planar layer, or combination of planar layers, of individual detector elements, with or without readout electronics, which work in the focal plane.

• N.B.

This is not intended to include a stack of single detector elements or any two, three or four element detectors provided time delay and integration is not performed within the element.

"Fractional bandwidth" (3 5) means the "instantaneous bandwidth" divided by the centre frequency, expressed as a percentage.

"Frequency hopping" (5 6) means a form of "spread spectrum" in which the transmission frequency of a single communication channel is made to change by a random or pseudo-random sequence of discrete steps.

"Frequency switching time" (3) means the time (i.e., delay) taken by a signal when switched from an initial specified output frequency, to arrive at or within any of the following:

• a. ± 100 Hz of a final specified output frequency of less than 1 GHz; or

• b. ± 0,1 part per million of a final specified output frequency equal to or greater than 1 GHz.

"Fuel cell" (8) is an electrochemical device that converts chemical energy directly into Direct Current (DC) electricity by consuming fuel from an external source.

"Fusible" (1) means capable of being cross-linked or polymerized further (cured) by the use of heat, radiation, catalysts, etc., or that can be melted without pyrolysis (charring).

"Gate-All-Around Field-Effect Transistor" ("GAAFET") (3) means a device having a single or multiple semiconductor conduction channel element(s) with a common gate structure that surrounds and controls current in all of the semiconductor conduction channel elements.

• N.B.

This definition includes nanosheet or nanowire field-effect and surrounding gate transistors and other "GAAFET" semiconductor channel element structures.

"Guidance set" (7) means systems that integrate the process of measuring and computing a vehicles position and velocity (i.e., navigation) with that of computing and sending commands to the vehicles flight control systems to correct the trajectory.

"Hard selectors" (5) means data or set of data, related to an individual (e.g., family name, given name, e-mail, street address, phone number or group affiliations).

"High output diesel engines" (9) means diesel engines with a specified brake mean effective pressure of 1,8 MPa or more at a speed of 2 300  r.p.m., provided the rated speed is 2 300  r.p.m. or more.

"Hybrid integrated circuit" (3) means any combination of integrated circuit(s), or integrated circuit with 'circuit elements' or 'discrete components' connected together to perform (a) specific function(s), and having all of the following characteristics:

• a. Containing at least one unencapsulated device;

• b. Connected together using typical IC production methods;

• c. Replaceable as an entity; and

• d. Not normally capable of being disassembled.

• N.B.1.

'Circuit element': a single active or passive functional part of an electronic circuit, such as one diode, one transistor, one resistor, one capacitor, etc.

• N.B.2.

'Discrete component': a separately packaged 'circuit element' with its own external connections.

"Image enhancement" (4) means the processing of externally derived information-bearing images by algorithms such as time compression, filtering, extraction, selection, correlation, convolution or transformations between domains (e.g., fast Fourier transform or Walsh transform). This does not include algorithms using only linear or rotational transformation of a single image, such as translation, feature extraction, registration or false coloration.

"Immunotoxin" (1) is a conjugate of one cell specific monoclonal antibody and a "toxin" or "sub-unit of toxin", that selectively affects diseased cells.

"In the public domain" (GTN NTN GSN), as it applies herein, means "technology" or "software" which has been made available without restrictions upon its further dissemination (copyright restrictions do not remove "technology" or "software" from being "in the public domain").

"Information security" (GSN GISN 5) is all the means and functions ensuring the accessibility, confidentiality or integrity of information or communications, excluding the means and functions intended to safeguard against malfunctions. This includes "cryptography", "cryptographic activation", 'cryptanalysis', protection against compromising emanations and computer security.

Technical Note:

'Cryptanalysis': analysis of a cryptographic system or its inputs and outputs to derive confidential variables or sensitive data, including clear text.

"Instantaneous bandwidth" (3 5 7) means the bandwidth over which output power remains constant within 3 dB without adjustment of other operating parameters.

"Interior lining" (9) is suited for the bond interface between the solid propellant and the case or insulating liner. Usually a liquid polymer based dispersion of refractory or insulating materials, e.g. carbon filled hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) or other polymer with added curing agents sprayed or screeded over a case interior.

"Interleaved Analogue-to-Digital Converter (ADC)" (3) means devices that have multiple ADC units that sample the same analogue input at different times such that when the outputs are aggregated, the analogue input has been effectively sampled and converted at a higher sampling rate.

"Intrinsic Magnetic Gradiometer" (6) is a single magnetic field gradient sensing element and associated electronics the output of which is a measure of magnetic field gradient.

• N.B.

See also "Magnetic Gradiometer".

"Intrusion software" (4 5) means "software" specially designed or modified to avoid detection by 'monitoring tools', or to defeat 'protective countermeasures', of a computer or network-capable device, and performing any of the following:

• a. The extraction of data or information, from a computer or network-capable device, or the modification of system or user data; or

• b. The modification of the standard execution path of a program or process in order to allow the execution of externally provided instructions.

Notes:

• 1.

"Intrusion software" does not include any of the following:

• a. Hypervisors, debuggers or Software Reverse Engineering (SRE) tools;

• b. Digital Rights Management (DRM) "software"; or

• c. "Software" designed to be installed by manufacturers, administrators or users, for the purposes of asset tracking or recovery.

• 2.

Network-capable devices include mobile devices and smart meters.

Technical Notes:

• 1.

'Monitoring tools': "software" or hardware devices, that monitor system behaviours or processes running on a device. This includes antivirus (AV) products, end point security products, Personal Security Products (PSP), Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) or firewalls.

• 2.

'Protective countermeasures': techniques designed to ensure the safe execution of code, such as Data Execution Prevention (DEP), Address Space Layout Randomisation (ASLR) or sandboxing.

"Isolated live cultures" (1) includes live cultures in dormant form and in dried preparations.

"Isostatic presses" (2) mean equipment capable of pressurising a closed cavity through various media (gas, liquid, solid particles, etc.) to create equal pressure in all directions within the cavity upon a workpiece or material.

"Laser" (0 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9) is an item that produces spatially and temporally coherent light through amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.

• N.B. See also

"CW laser";

• "Super High Power Laser".

"Library" (1) (parametric technical database) means a collection of technical information, reference to which may enhance the performance of relevant systems, equipment or components.

"Lighter-than-air vehicles" (9) means balloons and "airships" that rely on hot air or other lighter-than-air gases such as helium or hydrogen for their lift.

"Linearity" (2) (Usually measured in terms of non-linearity) means the maximum deviation of the actual characteristic (average of upscale and downscale readings), positive or negative, from a straight line so positioned as to equalise and minimise the maximum deviations.

"Local area network" (4 5) is a data communication system having all of the following characteristics:

• a. Allows an arbitrary number of independent "data devices" to communicate directly with each other; and

• b. Is confined to a geographical area of moderate size (e.g., office building, plant, campus, warehouse).

"Magnetic Gradiometers" (6) are instruments designed to detect the spatial variation of magnetic fields from sources external to the instrument. They consist of multiple "magnetometers" and associated electronics the output of which is a measure of magnetic field gradient.

• N.B.

See also "Intrinsic Magnetic Gradiometer".

"Magnetometers" (6) are instruments designed to detect magnetic fields from sources external to the instrument. They consist of a single magnetic field sensing element and associated electronics the output of which is a measure of the magnetic field.

"Materials resistant to corrosion by UF6" (0) include copper, copper alloys, stainless steel, aluminium, aluminium oxide, aluminium alloys, nickel or alloys containing 60 % or more nickel by weight and fluorinated hydrocarbon polymers.

"Maintenance Level I" (7) means the failure of an inertial navigation unit is detected on the "aircraft" by indications from the Control and Display Unit (CDU) or by the status message from the corresponding sub-system. By following the manufacturer's manual, the cause of the failure may be localised at the level of the malfunctioning Line Replaceable Unit (LRU). The operator then removes the LRU and replaces it with a spare.

"Maintenance Level II" (7) means the defective LRU is sent to the maintenance workshop (the manufacturer's or that of the operator responsible for level II maintenance). At the maintenance workshop, the malfunctioning LRU is tested by various appropriate means to verify and localise the defective Shop Replaceable Assembly (SRA) module responsible for the failure. This SRA is removed and replaced by an operative spare. The defective SRA (or possibly the complete LRU) is then shipped to the manufacturer. "Maintenance Level II" does not include the disassembly or repair of specified accelerometers or gyro sensors.

"Matrix" (1 2 8 9) means a substantially continuous phase that fills the space between particles, whiskers or fibres.

"Measurement uncertainty" (2) is the characteristic parameter which specifies in what range around the output value the correct value of the measurable variable lies with a confidence level of 95 %. It includes the uncorrected systematic deviations, the uncorrected backlash and the random deviations (ref. ISO 10360-2).

"Microcomputer microcircuit" (3) means a "monolithic integrated circuit" or "multichip integrated circuit" containing an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) capable of executing general purpose instructions from an internal storage, on data contained in the internal storage.

• N.B.

The internal storage may be augmented by an external storage.

"Microprocessor microcircuit" (3) means a "monolithic integrated circuit" or "multichip integrated circuit" containing an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) capable of executing a series of general purpose instructions from an external storage.

• N.B.1.

The "microprocessor microcircuit" normally does not contain integral user-accessible storage, although storage present on-the-chip may be used in performing its logic function.

• N.B.2.

This includes chip sets which are designed to operate together to provide the function of a "microprocessor microcircuit".

"Microorganisms" (1 2) means bacteria, viruses, mycoplasms, rickettsiae, chlamydiae or fungi, whether natural, enhanced or modified, either in the form of "isolated live cultures" or as material including living material which has been deliberately inoculated or contaminated with such cultures.

"Missiles" (1 2 3 6 7 9) means complete rocket systems and unmanned aerial vehicle systems, capable of delivering at least 500 kg payload to a range of at least 300 km.

"Monofilament" (1) or filament is the smallest increment of fibre, usually several micrometres in diameter.

"Monolithic integrated circuit" (3) means a combination of passive or active 'circuit elements' or both which:

• a. Are formed by means of diffusion processes, implantation processes or deposition processes in or on a single semiconducting piece of material, a so-called chip;

• b. Can be considered as indivisibly associated; and

• c. Perform the function(s) of a circuit.

• N.B.

'Circuit element' is a single active or passive functional part of an electronic circuit, such as one diode, one transistor, one resistor, one capacitor, etc.

"Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit" ("MMIC") (3 5) means a "monolithic integrated circuit" that operates at microwave or millimetre wave frequencies.

"Monospectral imaging sensors" (6) are capable of acquisition of imaging data from one discrete spectral band.

"Multichip integrated circuit" (3) means two or more "monolithic integrated circuits" bonded to a common "substrate".

"Multiple channel Analogue-to-Digital Converter (ADC)" (3) means devices that integrate more than one ADC, designed so that each ADC has a separate analogue input.

"Multispectral imaging sensors" (6) are capable of simultaneous or serial acquisition of imaging data from two or more discrete spectral bands. Sensors having more than twenty discrete spectral bands are sometimes referred to as hyperspectral imaging sensors.

"Non-repetitive pulsed" (6) means "lasers" that produce either a single output pulse or that have a time interval between pulses exceeding one minute.

"Natural uranium" (0) means uranium containing the mixtures of isotopes occurring in nature.

"Nuclear reactor" (0) means a complete reactor capable of operation so as to maintain a controlled self-sustaining fission chain reaction. A "nuclear reactor" includes all the items within or attached directly to the reactor vessel, the equipment which controls the level of power in the core, and the components which normally contain, come into direct contact with or control the primary coolant of the reactor core.

"Numerical control" (2) means the automatic control of a process performed by a device that makes use of numeric data usually introduced as the operation is in progress (Reference: ISO 2382:2015).

"Object code" (GSN) means an equipment executable form of a convenient expression of one or more processes ("source code" (source language)) which has been compiled by programming system.

"Operations, Administration or Maintenance" ("OAM") (5) means performing one or more of the following tasks:

• a. Establishing or managing any of the following:
• 1. Accounts or privileges of users or administrators;
• 1. Settings of an item; or
• 1. Authentication data in support of the tasks described in paragraphs a.1. or a.2.;

• b. Monitoring or managing the operating condition or performance of an item; or

• c. Managing logs or audit data in support of any of the tasks described in paragraphs a. or b.

• Note:

"OAM" does not include any of the following tasks or their associated key management functions:

• a. Provisioning or upgrading any cryptographic functionality that is not directly related to establishing or managing authentication data in support of the tasks described in paragraphs a.1. or a.2. above; or

• b. Performing any cryptographic functionality on the forwarding or data plane of an item.

"Optical integrated circuit" (3) means a "monolithic integrated circuit" or a "hybrid integrated circuit", containing one or more parts designed to function as a photosensor or photoemitter or to perform (an) optical or (an) electro-optical function(s).

"Participating state" (7 9) is a state participating in the Wassenaar Arrangement. (See www.wassenaar.org)

"Peak power" (6) means the highest power attained in the "pulse duration".

"Personal area network" (5) means a data communication system having all of the following characteristics:

• a. Allows an arbitrary number of independent or interconnected "data devices" to communicate directly with each other; and

• b. Is confined to the communication between devices within the immediate physical vicinity of an individual person or device controller (e.g., single room, office, or automobile).

Technical Note:

The "local area network" extends beyond the geographical area of the "personal area network".

"Previously separated" (1) is the application of any process intended to increase the concentration of the controlled isotope.

"Principal element" (4), as it applies in Category 4, is a "principal element" when its replacement value is more than 35 % of the total value of the system of which it is an element. Element value is the price paid for the element by the manufacturer of the system, or by the system integrator. Total value is the normal international selling price to unrelated parties at the point of manufacture or consolidation of shipment.

"Production" (GTN NTN All) means all production phases, such as: construction, production engineering, manufacture, integration, assembly (mounting), inspection, testing, quality assurance.

"Production equipment" (1 7 9) means tooling, templates, jigs, mandrels, moulds, dies, fixtures, alignment mechanisms, test equipment, other machinery and components therefor, limited to those specially designed or modified for "development" or for one or more phases of "production".

"Production facilities" (7 9) means "production equipment" and specially designed software therefor integrated into installations for "development" or for one or more phases of "production".

"Program" (1 7) means a sequence of instructions to carry out a process in, or convertible into, a form executable by an electronic computer.

"Pulse compression" (6) means the coding and processing of a radar signal pulse of long time duration to one of short time duration, while maintaining the benefits of high pulse energy.

"Pulse duration" (6) is the duration of a "laser" pulse and means the time between the half-power points on the leading edge and trailing edge of an individual pulse.

"Quantum cryptography" (5) means a family of techniques for the establishment of shared key for "cryptography" by measuring the quantum-mechanical properties of a physical system (including those physical properties explicitly governed by quantum optics, quantum field theory or quantum electrodynamics).

"Radar spread spectrum" (6) means any modulation technique for spreading energy originating from a signal with a relatively narrow frequency band, over a much wider band of frequencies, by using random or pseudo-random coding.

"Radiant sensitivity" (6) is Radiant sensitivity (mA/W) = 0,807 × (wavelength in nm) × Quantum Efficiency (QE).

Technical Note:

QE is usually expressed as a percentage; however, for the purposes of this formula QE is expressed as a decimal number less than one, e.g., 78 % is 0,78.

"Real-time processing" (6) means the processing of data by a computer system providing a required level of service, as a function of available resources, within a guaranteed response time, regardless of the load of the system, when stimulated by an external event.

"Repeatability" (7) means the closeness of agreement among repeated measurements of the same variable under the same operating conditions when changes in conditions or non-operating periods occur between measurements. (Reference: IEEE 528-2001 (one sigma standard deviation))

"Required" (GTN 3 5 6 7 9), as applied to "technology", refers to only that portion of "technology" which is peculiarly responsible for achieving or extending the controlled performance levels, characteristics or functions. Such "required" "technology" may be shared by different goods.

"Riot control agent" (1) means substances which, under the expected conditions of use for riot control purposes, produce rapidly in humans sensory irritation or disabling physical effects which disappear within a short time following termination of exposure.

Technical Note:

Tear gases are a subset of "riot control agents".

"Robot" (2 8) means a manipulation mechanism, which may be of the continuous path or of the point-to-point variety, may use sensors, and has all the following characteristics:

• a. Is multifunctional;

• b. Is capable of positioning or orienting material, parts, tools or special devices through variable movements in three dimensional space;

• c. Incorporates three or more closed or open loop servo-devices which may include stepping motors; and

• d. Has "user accessible programmability" by means of teach/playback method or by means of an electronic computer which may be a programmable logic controller, i.e., without mechanical intervention.

• N.B.

The above definition does not include the following devices:

• 1. Manipulation mechanisms which are only manually/ teleoperator controllable;

• 2. Fixed sequence manipulation mechanisms which are automated moving devices, operating according to mechanically fixed programmed motions. The programme is mechanically limited by fixed stops, such as pins or cams. The sequence of motions and the selection of paths or angles are not variable or changeable by mechanical, electronic or electrical means;

• 3. Mechanically controlled variable sequence manipulation mechanisms which are automated moving devices, operating according to mechanically fixed programmed motions. The programme is mechanically limited by fixed, but adjustable stops, such as pins or cams. The sequence of motions and the selection of paths or angles are variable within the fixed programme pattern. Variations or modifications of the programme pattern (e.g., changes of pins or exchanges of cams) in one or more motion axes are accomplished only through mechanical operations;

• 4. Non-servo-controlled variable sequence manipulation mechanisms which are automated moving devices, operating according to mechanically fixed programmed motions. The programme is variable but the sequence proceeds only by the binary signal from mechanically fixed electrical binary devices or adjustable stops;

• 5. Stacker cranes defined as Cartesian coordinate manipulator systems manufactured as an integral part of a vertical array of storage bins and designed to access the contents of those bins for storage or retrieval.

"Roving" (1) is a bundle (typically 12-120) of approximately parallel 'strands'.

• N.B.

'Strand' is a bundle of "monofilaments" (typically over 200) arranged approximately parallel.

"Sample rate" (3) for an Analogue-to-Digital Converter (ADC) means the maximum number of samples that are measured at the analogue input over a period of one second, except for oversampling ADCs. For oversampling ADCs the "sample rate" is taken to be its output word rate. "Sample rate" may also be referred to as sampling rate, usually specified in Mega Samples Per Second (MSPS) or Giga Samples Per Second (GSPS), or conversion rate, usually specified in Hertz (Hz).

"Satellite" (5 9) means a "spacecraft", other than a "space vehicle", designed to operate in orbit around Earth or another celestial body; "satellites" include orbital space stations.

"Satellite navigation system" (5 7) means a system consisting of ground stations, a constellation of "satellites", and receivers, that enables receiver locations to be calculated on the basis of signals received from the "satellites". It includes Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Regional Navigation Satellite Systems (RNSS).

"Scale factor" (gyro or accelerometer) (7) means the ratio of change in output to a change in the input intended to be measured. Scale factor is generally evaluated as the slope of the straight line that can be fitted by the method of least squares to input-output data obtained by varying the input cyclically over the input range.

"Signal analysers" (3) means apparatus capable of measuring and displaying basic properties of the single-frequency components of multi-frequency signals.

"Signal processing" (3 4 5 6) means the processing of externally derived information-bearing signals by algorithms such as time compression, filtering, extraction, selection, correlation, convolution or transformations between domains (e.g., fast Fourier transform or Walsh transform).

"Software" (GSN All) means a collection of one or more "programs" or 'microprograms' fixed in any tangible medium of expression.

• N.B.

'Microprogram' means a sequence of elementary instructions, maintained in a special storage, the execution of which is initiated by the introduction of its reference instruction into an instruction register.

"Source code" (or source language) (6 7 9) is a convenient expression of one or more processes which may be turned by a programming system into equipment executable form ("object code" (or object language)).

"Spacecraft" (5 9) means a craft designed to operate in, persist in or transit through space in the form of a "satellite", "space probe", or "space vehicle".

• Note:

"Spacecraft" does not include landers, rovers, or other craft, limited by design to operate on or beneath the surface of, or in the atmosphere of an extra-terrestrial celestial body, or "sub-orbital craft".

"Spacecraft bus" (9) means equipment that provides the support infrastructure of the "spacecraft" and location for the "spacecraft mission equipment".

"Spacecraft mission equipment" (9) means equipment designed to be located on a "spacecraft bus", and to perform a mission in space or to enable the "spacecraft" to perform its mission (e.g., communications, observation, science, transport).

Technical Note:

"Spacecraft mission equipment" is sometimes referred to as a spacecraft payload.

"Space probe" (9) means a "spacecraft", other than a "satellite" or "space vehicle", designed not to return to Earth.

"Space vehicle" (9) means a "spacecraft" designed to provide transport for cargo or passengers.

• Note:

"Space vehicles" include craft designed to safely return to Earth.

"Space-qualified" (3 6 7) means designed, manufactured or qualified through successful testing, for operation at altitudes greater than 100 km above the surface of the Earth.

• N.B.

A determination that a specific item is "Space-qualified" by virtue of testing does not mean that other items in the same production run or model series are "Space-qualified" if not individually tested.

"Special fissile material" (0) means plutonium-239, uranium-233, "uranium enriched in the isotopes 235 or 233", and any material containing the foregoing.

"Specific modulus" (0 1 9) is Young's modulus in pascals, equivalent to N/m² divided by specific weight in N/m³, measured at a temperature of (296 ± 2) K ((23 ± 2) °C) and a relative humidity of (50 ± 5) %.

"Specific tensile strength" (0 1 9) is ultimate tensile strength in pascals, equivalent to N/m² divided by specific weight in N/m³, measured at a temperature of (296 ± 2) K ((23 ± 2) °C) and a relative humidity of (50 ± 5) %.

"Spinning mass gyros" (7) means gyros which use a continually rotating mass to sense angular motion.

"Spread spectrum" (5) means the technique whereby energy in a relatively narrow-band communication channel is spread over a much wider energy spectrum.

"Spread spectrum" radar (6) - see "Radar spread spectrum".

"Stability" (7) means the standard deviation (1 sigma) of the variation of a particular parameter from its calibrated value measured under stable temperature conditions. This can be expressed as a function of time.

"States (not) Party to the Chemical Weapon Convention" (1) are those states for which the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons has (not) entered into force. (See www.opcw.org)

"Steady State Mode" (9) defines engine operation conditions, where the engine parameters, such as thrust/power, rpm and others, have no appreciable fluctuations, when the ambient air temperature and pressure at the engine inlet are constant.

"Strong mechanical bond" (9) means a bond having a bond strength equal to or greater than propellant strength.

"Sub-orbital craft" (9) means a craft having an enclosure designed for the transport of people or cargo which is designed to:

• a. Operate above the stratosphere;

• b. Only perform a non-orbital trajectories; and

• c. Land back on Earth with the people or cargo intact.

"Substrate" (3) means a sheet of base material with or without an interconnection pattern and on which or within which 'discrete components' or integrated circuits or both can be located.

• N.B.1.

'Discrete component': a separately packaged 'circuit element' with its own external connections.

• N.B.2.

'Circuit element': a single active or passive functional part of an electronic circuit, such as one diode, one transistor, one resistor, one capacitor, etc.

"Substrate blanks" (3 6) means monolithic compounds with dimensions suitable for the production of optical elements such as mirrors or optical windows.

"Sub-unit of toxin" (1) is a structurally and functionally discrete component of a whole "toxin".

"Superalloys" (2 9) means nickel-, cobalt- or iron-base alloys having a stress rupture life greater than 1 000 hours at 400 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength greater than 850 MPa, at 922 K (649 °C) or higher.

"Superconductive" (1 3 5 6 8) means materials, i.e., metals, alloys or compounds, which can lose all electrical resistance, i.e., which can attain infinite electrical conductivity and carry very large electrical currents without Joule heating.

• N.B.

The "superconductive" state of a material is individually characterised by a "critical temperature", a critical magnetic field, which is a function of temperature, and a critical current density which is, however, a function of both magnetic field and temperature.

"Super High Power Laser" ("SHPL") (6) means a "laser" capable of delivering (the total or any portion of) the output energy exceeding 1 kJ within 50 ms or having an average or CW power exceeding 20 kW.

"Superplastic forming" (1 2) means a deformation process using heat for metals that are normally characterised by low values of elongation (less than 20 %) at the breaking point as determined at room temperature by conventional tensile strength testing, in order to achieve elongations during processing which are at least 2 times those values.

"Tape" (1) is a material constructed of interlaced or unidirectional "monofilaments", 'strands', "rovings", "tows", or "yarns", etc., usually pre-impregnated with resin.

• N.B.

'Strand' is a bundle of "monofilaments" (typically over 200) arranged approximately parallel.

"Technology" (GTN NTN All) means specific information necessary for the "development", "production" or "use" of goods. This information takes the form of 'technical data' or 'technical assistance'.

• N.B.1.

'Technical assistance' may take forms such as instructions, skills, training, working knowledge and consulting services and may involve the transfer of 'technical data'.

• N.B.2.

'Technical data' may take forms such as blueprints, plans, diagrams, models, formulae, algorithms, tables, engineering designs and specifications, manuals and instructions written or recorded on other media or devices such as disk, tape, read-only memories.

"Tilting spindle" (2) means a tool-holding spindle which alters, during the machining process, the angular position of its centre line with respect to any other axis.

"Time constant" (6) is the time taken from the application of a light stimulus for the current increment to reach a value of 1-1/e times the final value (i.e., 63 % of the final value).

"Time-to-steady-state registration" (6) (also referred to as the gravimeter’s response time) is the time over which the disturbing effects of platform induced accelerations (high frequency noise) are reduced.

"Tip shroud" (9) means a stationary ring component (solid or segmented) attached to the inner surface of the engine turbine casing or a feature at the outer tip of the turbine blade, which primarily provides a gas seal between the stationary and rotating components.

"Total control of flight" (7) means an automated control of "aircraft" state variables and flight path to meet mission objectives responding to real time changes in data regarding objectives, hazards or other "aircraft".

"Total digital transfer rate" (5) means the number of bits, including line coding, overhead and so forth per unit time passing between corresponding equipment in a digital transmission system.

• N.B.

See also "digital transfer rate".

"Tow" (1) is a bundle of "monofilaments", usually approximately parallel.

"Toxins" (1 2) means toxins in the form of deliberately isolated preparations or mixtures, no matter how produced, other than toxins present as contaminants of other materials such as pathological specimens, crops, foodstuffs or seed stocks of "microorganisms".

"Tunable" (6) means the ability of a "laser" to produce a continuous output at all wavelengths over a range of several "laser" transitions. A line selectable "laser" produces discrete wavelengths within one "laser" transition and is not considered "tunable".

"Unidirectional positioning repeatability" (2) means the smaller of values R↑ and R↓ (forward and backward), as defined by 3.21 of ISO 230-2:2014 or national equivalents, of an individual machine tool axis.

"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle" ("UAV") (9) means any aircraft capable of initiating flight and sustaining controlled flight and navigation without any human presence on board.

"Uranium enriched in the isotopes 235 or 233" (0) means uranium containing the isotopes 235 or 233, or both, in an amount such that the abundance ratio of the sum of these isotopes to the isotope 238 is more than the ratio of the isotope 235 to the isotope 238 occurring in nature (isotopic ratio 0,71 per cent).

"Use" (GTN NTN All) means operation, installation (including on-site installation), maintenance (checking), repair, overhaul and refurbishing.

"User-accessible programmability" (6) means the facility allowing a user to insert, modify or replace "programs" by means other than:

• a. A physical change in wiring or interconnections; or

• b. The setting of function controls including entry of parameters.

"Vaccine" (1) is a medicinal product in a pharmaceutical formulation licensed by, or having marketing or clinical trial authorisation from, the regulatory authorities of either the country of manufacture or of use, which is intended to stimulate a protective immunological response in humans or animals in order to prevent disease in those to whom or to which it is administered.

"Vacuum electronic devices" (3) means electronic devices based on the interaction of an electron beam with an electromagnetic wave propagating in a vacuum circuit or interacting with radio-frequency vacuum cavity resonators. "Vacuum electronic devices" include klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, and their derivatives.

"Vulnerability disclosure" (4) means the process of identifying, reporting or communicating a vulnerability to, or analysing a vulnerability with, individuals or organisations responsible for conducting or coordinating remediation for the purposes of resolving the vulnerability.

"Wall-plug efficiency" (6) means the ratio of "laser" output power (or "average output power") to total electrical input power required to operate the "laser", including the power supply/conditioning and thermal conditioning/heat exchanger.

"Yarn" (1) is a bundle of twisted 'strands'.

• N.B.

'Strand' is a bundle of "monofilaments" (typically over 200) arranged approximately parallel.

PART II

Category 0

CATEGORY 0 - NUCLEAR MATERIALS, FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

0A   Systems, Equipment and Components

• 0A001"Nuclear reactors" and specially designed or prepared equipment and components therefor, as follows:

• a. "Nuclear reactors";

• b. Metal vessels, or major shop-fabricated parts therefor, including the reactor vessel head for a reactor pressure vessel, specially designed or prepared to contain the core of a "nuclear reactor";

• c. Manipulative equipment specially designed or prepared for inserting or removing fuel in a "nuclear reactor";

• d. Control rods specially designed or prepared for the control of the fission process in a "nuclear reactor", support or suspension structures therefor, rod drive mechanisms and rod guide tubes;

• e. Pressure tubes specially designed or prepared to contain both fuel elements and the primary coolant in a "nuclear reactor";

• f. Zirconium metal tubes or zirconium alloy tubes (or assembles of tubes) specially designed or prepared for use as fuel cladding in a "nuclear reactor", and in quantities exceeding 10 kg; N.B.

For zirconium pressure tubes see 0A001.e. and for calandria tubes see 0A001.h.

• g. Coolant pumps or circulators specially designed or prepared for circulating the primary coolant of "nuclear reactors";

• h. 'Nuclear reactor internals' specially designed or prepared for use in a "nuclear reactor", including support columns for the core, fuel channels, calandria tubes, thermal shields, baffles, core grid plates, and diffuser plates; Technical Note: In 0A001.h. 'nuclear reactor internals' means any major structure within a reactor vessel which has one or more functions such as supporting the core, maintaining fuel alignment, directing primary coolant flow, providing radiation shields for the reactor vessel, and guiding in-core instrumentation.

• i. Heat exchangers as follows:
• 1. Steam generators specially designed or prepared for the primary, or intermediate, coolant circuit of a "nuclear reactor";
• 1. Other heat exchangers specially designed or prepared for use in the primary coolant circuit of a "nuclear reactor"; Note:

0A001.i. does not control heat exchangers for the supporting systems of the reactor, e.g., the emergency cooling system or the decay heat cooling system.

- j. Neutron detectors specially designed or prepared for determining neutron flux levels within the core of a "nuclear reactor";

• k. 'External thermal shields' specially designed or prepared for use in a "nuclear reactor" for the reduction of heat loss and also for the containment vessel protection. Technical Note: In 0A001.k. 'external thermal shields' means major structures placed over the reactor vessel which reduce heat loss from the reactor and reduce temperature within the containment vessel.

0B   Test, Inspection and Production Equipment

• 0B001Plant for the separation of isotopes of "natural uranium", "depleted uranium" or "special fissile materials", and specially designed or prepared equipment and components therefor, as follows:

• a. Plant specially designed for separating isotopes of "natural uranium", "depleted uranium", or "special fissile materials", as follows:
• 1. Gas centrifuge separation plant;
• 1. Gaseous diffusion separation plant;
• 1. Aerodynamic separation plant;
• 1. Chemical exchange separation plant;
• 1. Ion-exchange separation plant;
• 1. Atomic vapour "laser" isotope separation plant;
• 1. Molecular "laser" isotope separation plant;
• 1. Plasma separation plant;
• 1. Electro magnetic separation plant;

• b. Gas centrifuges and assemblies and components, specially designed or prepared for gas centrifuge separation process, as follows: Technical Note: In 0B001.b. 'high strength-to-density ratio material' means any of the following:
• 1. Maraging steel capable of an ultimate tensile strength of 1,95 GPa or more;
• 2. Aluminium alloys capable of an ultimate tensile strength of 0,46 GPa or more; or
• 3. "Fibrous or filamentary materials" with a "specific modulus" of more than 3,18 × 10⁶m and a "specific tensile strength" greater than 7,62 × 10⁴ m;
• 1. Gas centrifuges;
• 1. Complete rotor assemblies;
• 1. Rotor tube cylinders with a wall thickness of 12 mm or less, a diameter of between 75 mm and 650 mm, made from 'high strength-to-density ratio materials';
• 1. Rings or bellows with a wall thickness of 3 mm or less and a diameter of between 75 mm and 650 mm and designed to give local support to a rotor tube or to join a number together, made from 'high strength-to-density ratio materials';
• 1. Baffles of between 75 mm and 650 mm diameter for mounting inside a rotor tube, made from 'high strength-to-density ratio materials';
• 1. Top or bottom caps of between 75 mm and 650 mm diameter to fit the ends of a rotor tube, made from 'high strength-to-density ratio materials';
• 1. Magnetic suspension bearings as follows:
• a. Bearing assemblies consisting of an annular magnet suspended within a housing made of or protected by "materials resistant to corrosion by UF6" containing a damping medium and having the magnet coupling with a pole piece or second magnet fitted to the top cap of the rotor;
• b. Active magnetic bearings specially designed or prepared for use with gas centrifuges;
• 1. Specially prepared bearings comprising a pivot-cup assembly mounted on a damper;
• 1. Molecular pumps comprised of cylinders having internally machined or extruded helical grooves and internally machined bores;
• 1. Ring-shaped motor stators for multiphase AC hysteresis (or reluctance) motors for synchronous operation within a vacuum at a frequency of 600 Hz or more and a power of 40 VA or more;
• 1. Centrifuge housing/recipients to contain the rotor tube assembly of a gas centrifuge, consisting of a rigid cylinder of wall thickness up to 30 mm with precision machined ends that are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the cylinder’s longitudinal axis to within 0,05° or less;
• 1. Scoops consisting of specially designed or prepared tubes for the extraction of UF6 gas from within the rotor tube by a Pitot tube action and capable of being fixed to the central gas extraction system;
• 1. Frequency changers (converters or inverters) specially designed or prepared to supply motor stators for gas centrifuge enrichment, having all of the following characteristics, and specially designed components therefor:
• a. A multiphase frequency output of 600 Hz or greater; and
• b. High stability (with frequency control better than 0,2 %);
• 1. Shut-off and control valves as follows:
• a. Shut-off valves specially designed or prepared to act on the feed, product or tails UF6 gaseous streams of an individual gas centrifuge;
• b. Bellows-sealed valves, shut-off or control, made of or protected by "materials resistant to corrosion by UF6", with an inside diameter of 10 mm to 160 mm, specially designed or prepared for use in main or auxiliary systems of gas centrifuge enrichment plants;

• c. Equipment and components, specially designed or prepared for gaseous diffusion separation process, as follows:
• 1. Gaseous diffusion barriers made of porous metallic, polymer or ceramic "materials resistant to corrosion by UF6" with a pore size of 10 to 100 nm, a thickness of 5 mm or less, and, for tubular forms, a diameter of 25 mm or less;
• 1. Gaseous diffuser housings made of or protected by "materials resistant to corrosion by UF6";
• 1. Compressors or gas blowers with a suction volume capacity of 1 m³/min or more of UF6, with a discharge pressure up to 500 kPa, and having a pressure ratio of 10:1 or less, and made of or protected by "materials resistant to corrosion by UF6";
• 1. Rotary shaft seals for compressors or blowers specified in 0B001.c.3. and designed for a buffer gas in-leakage rate of less than 1 000  cm³/min.;
• 1. Heat exchangers made of or protected by "materials resistant to corrosion by UF6", and designed for a leakage pressure rate of less than 10 Pa per hour under a pressure differential of 100 kPa;
• 1. Bellows-sealed valves, manual or automated, shut-off or control, made of or protected by "materials resistant to corrosion by UF6";

• d. Equipment and components, specially designed or prepared for aerodynamic separation process, as follows:
• 1. Separation nozzles consisting of slit-shaped, curved channels having a radius of curvature less than 1 mm, resistant to corrosion by UF6, and having a knife-edge contained within the nozzle which separates the gas flowing through the nozzle into two streams;
• 1. Cylindrical or conical tubes, (vortex tubes), made of or protected by "materials resistant to corrosion by UF6" and with one or more tangential inlets;
• 1. Compressors or gas blowers made of or protected by "materials resistant to corrosion by UF6", and rotary shaft seals therefor;
• 1. Heat exchangers made of or protected by "materials resistant to corrosion by UF6";
• 1. Separation element housings, made of or protected by "materials resistant to corrosion by UF6" to contain vortex tubes or separation nozzles;
• 1. Bellows-sealed valves, manual or automated, shut-off or control, made of or protected by "materials resistant to corrosion by UF6", with a diameter of 40 mm or more;
• 1. Process systems for separating UF6 from carrier gas (hydrogen or helium) to 1 ppm UF6 content or less, including:
• a. Cryogenic heat exchangers and cryoseparators capable of temperatures of 153K (-120 °C) or less;
• b. Cryogenic refrigeration units capable of temperatures of 153 K (-120 °C) or less;
• c. Separation nozzle or vortex tube units for the separation of UF6 from carrier gas;
• d. UF6 cold traps capable of freezing out UF6;

• e. Equipment and components, specially designed or prepared for chemical exchange separation process, as follows:
• 1. Fast-exchange liquid-liquid pulse columns with stage residence time of 30 s or less and resistant to concentrated hydrochloric acid (e.g. made of or protected by suitable plastic materials such as fluorinated hydrocarbon polymers or glass);
• 1. Fast-exchange liquid-liquid centrifugal contactors with stage residence time of 30 s or less and resistant to concentrated hydrochloric acid (e.g. made of or protected by suitable plastic materials such as fluorinated hydrocarbon polymers or glass);
• 1. Electrochemical reduction cells resistant to concentrated hydrochloric acid solutions, for reduction of uranium from one valence state to another;
• 1. Electrochemical reduction cells feed equipment to take U⁺⁴ from the organic stream and, for those parts in contact with the process stream, made of or protected by suitable materials (e.g. glass, fluorocarbon polymers, polyphenyl sulphate, polyether sulfone and resin-impregnated graphite);
• 1. Feed preparation systems for producing high purity uranium chloride solution consisting of dissolution, solvent extraction and/or ion exchange equipment for purification and electrolytic cells for reducing the uranium U⁺⁶ or U⁺⁴ to U⁺³;
• 1. Uranium oxidation systems for oxidation of U⁺³ to U⁺⁴;

• f. Equipment and components, specially designed or prepared for ion-exchange separation process, as follows:
• 1. Fast reacting ion-exchange resins, pellicular or porous macro-reticulated resins in which the active chemical exchange groups are limited to a coating on the surface of an inactive porous support structure, and other composite structures in any suitable form, including particles or fibres, with diameters of 0,2 mm or less, resistant to concentrated hydrochloric acid and designed to have an exchange rate half-time of less than 10 s and capable of operating at temperatures in the range of 373 K (100 °C) to 473 K (200 °C);
• 1. Ion exchange columns (cylindrical) with a diameter greater than 1 000  mm, made of or protected by materials resistant to concentrated hydrochloric acid (e.g. titanium or fluorocarbon plastics) and capable of operating at temperatures in the range of 373 K (100 °C) to 473 K (200 °C) and pressures above 0,7 MPa;
• 1. Ion exchange reflux systems (chemical or electrochemical oxidation or reduction systems) for regeneration of the chemical reducing or oxidizing agents used in ion exchange enrichment cascades;

• g. Equipment and components, specially designed or prepared for laser-based separation processes using atomic vapour laser isotope separation, as follows:
• 1. Uranium metal vaporization systems designed to achieve a delivered power of 1 kW or more on the target for use in laser enrichment;
• 1. Liquid or vapour uranium metal handling systems specially designed or prepared for handling molten uranium, molten uranium alloys or uranium metal vapour for use in laser enrichment, and specially designed components therefor; N.B.

SEE ALSO 2A225. - 3. Product and tails collector assemblies for collecting uranium metal in liquid or solid form, made of or protected by materials resistant to the heat and corrosion of uranium metal vapour or liquid, such as yttria-coated graphite or tantalum; - 4. Separator module housings (cylindrical or rectangular vessels) for containing the uranium metal vapour source, the electron beam gun and the product and tails collectors; - 5. "Lasers" or "laser" systems specially designed or prepared for the separation of uranium isotopes with a spectrum frequency stabilisation for operation over extended periods of time; N.B.

SEE ALSO 6A005 AND 6A205.