LegalizeResolução da Assembleia da República n.º 47/2007 — Aprova a Convenção contra a Corrupção, adoptada pela Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas em 31 de Outubro de 2003
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Aprova a Convenção contra a Corrupção, adoptada pela Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas em 31 de Outubro de 2003
13 - Each State Party shall designate a central authority that shall have the responsibility and power to receive requests for mutual legal assistance and either to execute them or to transmit them to the competent authorities for execution. Where a State Party has a special region or territory with a separate system of mutual legal assistance, it may designate a distinct central authority that shall have the same function for that region or territory. Central authorities shall ensure the speedy and proper execution or transmission of the requests received. Where the central authority transmits the request to a competent authority for execution, it shall encourage the speedy and proper execution of the request by the competent authority. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be notified of the central authority designated for this purpose at the time each State Party deposits its instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval of or accession to this Convention. Requests for mutual legal assistance and any communication related thereto shall be transmitted to the central authorities designated by the States Parties. This requirement shall be without prejudice to the right of a State Party to require that such requests and communications be addressed to it through diplomatic channels and, in urgent circumstances, where the States Parties agree, through the international Criminal Police Organization, if possible.
14 - Requests shall be made in writing or, where possible, by any means capable of producing a written record, in a language acceptable to the requested State Party, under conditions allowing that State Party to establish authenticity. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be notified of the language or languages acceptable to each State Party at the time it deposits its instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval of or accession to this Convention. In urgent circumstances and where agreed by the States Parties, requests may be made orally but shall be confirmed in writing forthwith.
15 - A request for mutual legal assistance shall contain:
The identity of the authority making the request;
The subject matter and nature of the investigation, prosecution or judicial proceeding to which the request relates and the name and functions of the authority conducting the investigation, prosecution or judicial proceeding;
A summary of the relevant facts, except in relation to requests for the purpose of service of judicial documents;
A description of the assistance sought and details of any particular procedure that the requesting State Party wishes to be followed;
Where possible, the identity, location and nationality of any person concerned; and
The purpose for which the evidence, information or action is sought.
16 - The requested State Party may request additional information when it appears necessary for the execution of the request in accordance with its domestic law or when it can facilitate such execution.
17 - A request shall be executed in accordance with the domestic law of the requested State Party and, to the extent not contrary to the domestic law of the requested State Party and where possible, in accordance with the procedures specified in the request.
18 - Wherever possible and consistent with fundamental principles of domestic law, when an individual is in the territory of a State Party and has to be heard as a witness or expert by the judicial authorities of another State Party, the first State Party may, at the request of the other, permit the hearing to take place by video conference if it is not possible or desirable for the individual in question to appear in person in the territory of the requesting State Party. States Parties may agree that the hearing shall be conducted by a judicial authority of the requesting State Party and attended by a judicial authority of the requested State Party.
19 - The requesting State Party shall not transmit or use information or evidence furnished by the requested State Party for investigations, prosecutions or judicial proceedings other than those stated in the request without the prior consent of the requested State Party. Nothing in this paragraph shall prevent the requesting State Party from disclosing in its proceedings information or evidence that is exculpatory to an accused person. In the latter case, the requesting State Party shall notify the requested State Party prior to the disclosure and, if so requested, consult with the requested State Party. If, in an exceptional case, advance notice is not possible, the requesting State Party shall inform the requested State Party of the disclosure without delay.
20 - The requesting State Party may require that the requested State Party keep confidential the fact and substance of the request, except to the extent necessary to execute the request. If the requested State Party cannot comply with the requirement of confidentiality, it shall promptly inform the requesting State Party.
21 - Mutual legal assistance may be refused:
If the request is not made in conformity with the provisions of this article;
If the requested State Party consider that execution of the request is likely to prejudice its sovereignty, security, order public or other essential interests;
If the authorities of the requested State Party would be prohibited by its domestic law from carrying out the action requested with regard to any similar offence, had it been subject to investigation, prosecution or judicial proceedings under their own jurisdiction;
If it would be contrary to the legal system of the requested State Party relating to mutual legal assistance for the request to be granted.
22 - States Parties may not refuse a request for mutual legal assistance on the sole ground that the offence is also considered to involve fiscal matters.
23 - Reasons shall be given for any refusal of mutual legal assistance.
24 - The requested State Party shall execute the request for mutual legal assistance as soon as possible and shall take as full account as possible of any deadlines suggested by the requesting State Party and for which reasons are given, preferably in the request. The requesting State Party may make reasonable requests for information on the status and progress of measures taken by the requested State Party to satisfy its request. The requested State Party shall respond to reasonable requests by the requesting State Party on the status, and progress in its handling, of the request. The requesting State Party shall promptly inform the requested State Party when the assistance sought is no longer required.
25 - Mutual legal assistance may be postponed by the requested State Party on the ground that it interferes with an ongoing investigation, prosecution or judicial proceeding.
26 - Before refusing a request pursuant to paragraph 21 of this article or postponing its execution pursuant to paragraph 25 of this article, the requested State Party shall consult with the requesting State Party to consider whether assistance may be granted subject to such terms and conditions as it deems necessary. If the requesting State Party accepts assistance subject to those conditions, it shall comply with the conditions.
27 - Without prejudice to the application of paragraph 12 of this article, a witness, expert or other person who, at the request of the requesting State Party, consents to give evidence in a proceeding or to assist in an investigation, prosecution or judicial proceeding in the territory of the requesting State Party shall not be prosecuted, detained, punished or subjected to any other restriction of his or her personal liberty in that territory in respect of acts, omissions or convictions prior to his or her departure from the territory of the requested State Party. Such safe conduct shall cease when the witness, expert or other person having had, for a period of fifteen consecutive days or for any period agreed upon by the States Parties from the date on which he or she has been officially informed that his or her presence is no longer required by the judicial authorities, an opportunity of leaving, has nevertheless remained voluntarily in the territory of the requesting State Party or, having left it, has returned of his or her own free will.
28 - The ordinary costs of executing a request shall be borne by the requested State Party, unless otherwise agreed by the States Parties concerned. If expenses of a substantial or extraordinary nature are or will be required to fulfil the request, the States Parties shall consult to determine the terms and conditions under which the request will be executed, as well as the manner in which the costs shall be borne.
29 - The requested State Party:
Shall provide to the requesting State Party copies of government records, documents or information in its possession that under its domestic law are available to the general public;
May, at its discretion, provide to the requesting State Party in whole, in part or subject to such conditions as it deems appropriate, copies of any government records, documents or information in its possession that under its domestic law are not available to the general public.
30 - States Parties shall consider, as may be necessary, the possibility of concluding bilateral or multilateral agreements or arrangements that would serve the purposes of, give practical effect to or enhance the provisions of this article.
Article 47
Transfer of criminal proceedings
States Parties shall consider the possibility of transferring to one another proceedings for the prosecution of an offence established in accordance with this Convention in cases where such transfer is considered to be in the interests of the proper administration of justice, in particular in cases where several jurisdictions are involved, with a view to concentrating the prosecution.
Article 48
Law enforcement cooperation
1 - States Parties shall cooperate closely with one another, consistent with their respective domestic legal and administrative systems, to enhance the effectiveness of law enforcement action to combat the offences covered by this Convention. States Parties shall, in particular, take effective measures:
To enhance and, where necessary, to establish channels of communication between their competent authorities, agencies and services in order to facilitate the secure and rapid exchange of information concerning all aspects of the offences covered by this Convention, including, if the States Parties concerned deem it appropriate, links with other criminal activities;
To cooperate with other States Parties in conducting inquiries with respect to offences covered by this Convention concerning:
The identity, whereabouts and activities of persons suspected of involvement in such offences or the location of other persons concerned;
ii) The movement of proceeds of crime or property derived from the commission of such offences;
iii) The movement of property, equipment or other instrumentalities used or intended for use in the commission of such offences;
To provide, where appropriate, necessary items or quantities of substances for analytical or investigative purposes;
To exchange, where appropriate, information with other States Parties concerning specific means and methods used to commit offences covered by this Convention, including the use of false identities, forged, altered or false documents and other means of concealing activities;
To facilitate effective coordination between their competent authorities, agencies and services and to promote the exchange of personnel and other experts, including, subject to bilateral agreements or arrangements between the States Parties concerned, the posting of liaison officers;
f ) To exchange information and coordinate administrative and other measures taken as appropriate for the purpose of early identification of the offences covered by this Convention.
2 - With a view to giving effect to this Convention, States Parties shall consider entering into bilateral or multilateral agreements or arrangements on direct cooperation between their law enforcement agencies and, where such agreements or arrangements already exist, amending them. In the absence of such agreements or arrangements between the States Parties concerned, the States Parties may consider this Convention to be the basis for mutual law enforcement cooperation in respect of the offences covered by this Convention. Whenever appropriate, States Parties shall make full use of agreements or arrangements, including international or regional organizations, to enhance the cooperation between their law enforcement agencies.
3 - States Parties shall endeavour to cooperate within their means to respond to offences covered by this Convention committed through the use of modern technology.
Article 49
Joint investigations
States Parties shall consider concluding bilateral or multilateral agreements or arrangements whereby, in relation to matters that are the subject of investigations, prosecutions or judicial proceedings in one or more States, the competent authorities concerned may establish joint investigative bodies. In the absence of such agreements or arrangements, joint investigations may be undertaken by agreement on a case-by-case basis. The States Parties involved shall ensure that the sovereignty of the State Party in whose territory such investigation is to take place is fully respected.
Article 50
Special investigative techniques
1 - In order to combat corruption effectively, each State Party shall, to the extent permitted by the basic principles of its domestic legal system and in accordance with the conditions prescribed by its domestic law, take such measures as may be necessary, within its means, to allow for the appropriate use by its competent authorities of controlled delivery and, where it deems appropriate, other special investigative techniques, such as electronic or other forms of surveillance and undercover operations, within its territory, and to allow for the admissibility in court of evidence derived there from.
2 - For the purpose of investigating the offences covered by this Convention, States Parties are encouraged to conclude, when necessary, appropriate bilateral or multilateral agreements or arrangements for using such special investigative techniques in the context of cooperation at the international level. Such agreements or arrangements shall be concluded and implemented in full compliance with the principle of sovereign equality of States and shall be carried out strictly in accordance with the terms of those agreements or arrangements.
3 - In the absence of an agreement or arrangement as set forth in paragraph 2 of this article, decisions to use such special investigative techniques at the international level shall be made on a case-by-case basis and may, when necessary, take into consideration financial arrangements and understandings with respect to the exercise of jurisdiction by the States Parties concerned.
4 - Decisions to use controlled delivery at the international level may, with the consent of the States Parties concerned, include methods such as intercepting and allowing the goods or funds to continue intact or be removed or replaced in whole or in part.
CHAPTER V
Asset recovery
Article 51
General provision
The return of assets pursuant to this chapter is a fundamental principle of this Convention, and States Parties shall afford one another the widest measure of cooperation and assistance in this regard.
Article 52
Prevention and detection of transfers of proceeds of crime
1 - Without prejudice to article 14 of this Convention, each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary, in accordance with its domestic law, to require financial institutions within its jurisdiction to verify the identity of customers, to take reasonable steps to determine the identity of beneficial owners of funds deposited into high-value accounts and to conduct enhanced scrutiny of accounts sought or maintained by or on behalf of individuals who are, or have been, entrusted with prominent public functions and their family members and close associates. Such enhanced scrutiny shall be reasonably designed to detect suspicious transactions for the purpose of reporting to competent authorities and should not be so construed as to discourage or prohibit financial institutions from doing business with any legitimate customer.
2 - In order to facilitate implementation of the measures provided for in paragraph 1 of this article, each State Party, in accordance with its domestic law and, inspired by relevant initiatives of regional, interregional and multilateral organizations against money-laundering, shall:
Issue advisories regarding the types of natural or legal person to whose accounts financial institutions within its jurisdiction will be expected to apply enhanced scrutiny, the types of accounts and transactions to which to pay particular attention and appropriate account-opening, maintenance and recordkeeping measures to take concerning such accounts; and
Where appropriate, notify financial institutions within its jurisdiction, at the request of another State Party or on its own initiative, of the identity of particular natural or legal persons to whose accounts such institutions will be expected to apply enhanced scrutiny, in addition to those whom the financial institutions may otherwise identify.
3 - In the context of paragraph 2, a), of this article, each State Party shall implement measures to ensure that its financial institutions maintain adequate records, over an appropriate period of time, of accounts and transactions involving the persons mentioned in paragraph 1 of this article, which should, as a minimum, contain information relating to the identity of the customer as well as, as far as possible, of the beneficial owner.
4 - With the aim of preventing and detecting transfers of proceeds of offences established in accordance with this Convention, each State Party shall implement appropriate and effective measures to prevent, with the help of its regulatory and oversight bodies, the establishment of banks that have no physical presence and that are not affiliated with a regulated financial group. Moreover, States Parties may consider requiring their financial institutions to refuse to enter into or continue a correspondent banking relationship with such institutions and to guard against establishing relations with foreign financial institutions that permit their accounts to be used by banks that have no physical presence and that are not affiliated with a regulated financial group.
5 - Each State Party shall consider establishing, in accordance with its domestic law, effective financial disclosure systems for appropriate public officials and shall provide for appropriate sanctions for non-compliance. Each State Party shall also consider taking such measures as may be necessary to permit its competent authorities to share that information with the competent authorities in other States Parties when necessary to investigate, claim and recover proceeds of offences established in accordance with this Convention.
6 - Each State Party shall consider taking such measures as may be necessary, in accordance with its domestic law, to require appropriate public officials having an interest in or signature or other authority over a financial account in a foreign country to report that relationship to appropriate authorities and to maintain appropriate records related to such accounts. Such measures shall also provide for appropriate sanctions for non-compliance.
Article 53
Measures for direct recovery of property
Each State Party shall, in accordance with its domestic law:
Take such measures as may be necessary to permit another State Party to initiate civil action in its courts to establish title to or ownership of property acquired through the commission of an offence established in accordance with this Convention;
Take such measures as may be necessary to permit its courts to order those who have committed offences established in accordance with this Convention to pay compensation or damages to another State Party that has been harmed by such offences; and
Take such measures as may be necessary to permit its courts or competent authorities, when having to decide on confiscation, to recognize another State Party's claim as a legitimate owner of property acquired through the commission of an offence established in accordance with this Convention.
Article 54
Mechanisms for recovery of property through international cooperation in confiscation
1 - Each State Party, in order to provide mutual legal assistance pursuant to article 55 of this Convention with respect to property acquired through or involved in the commission of an offence established in accordance with this Convention, shall, in accordance with its domestic law:
Take such measures as may be necessary to permit its competent authorities to give effect to an order of confiscation issued by a court of another State Party;
Take such measures as may be necessary to permit its competent authorities, where they have jurisdiction, to order the confiscation of such property of foreign origin by adjudication of an offence of money-laundering or such other offence as may be within its jurisdiction or by other procedures authorized under its domestic law; and
Consider taking such measures as may be necessary to allow confiscation of such property without a criminal conviction in cases in which the offender cannot be prosecuted by reason of death, flight or absence or in other appropriate cases.
2 - Each State Party, in order to provide mutual legal assistance upon a request made pursuant to paragraph 2 of article 55 of this Convention, shall, in accordance with its domestic law:
Take such measures as may be necessary to permit its competent authorities to freeze or seize property upon a freezing or seizure order issued by a court or competent authority of a requesting State Party that provides a reasonable basis for the requested State Party to believe that there are sufficient grounds for taking such actions and that the property would eventually be subject to an order of confiscation for purposes of paragraph 1, a), of this article;
Take such measures as may be necessary to permit its competent authorities to freeze or seize property upon a request that provides a reasonable basis for the requested State Party to believe that there are sufficient grounds for taking such actions and that the property would eventually be subject to an order of confiscation for purposes of paragraph 1, a), of this article; and
Consider taking additional measures to permit its competent authorities to preserve property for confiscation, such as on the basis of a foreign arrest or criminal charge related to the acquisition of such property.
Article 55
International cooperation for purposes of confiscation
1 - A State Party that has received a request from another State Party having jurisdiction over an offence established in accordance with this Convention for confiscation of proceeds of crime, property, equipment or other instrumentalities referred to in article 31, paragraph 1, of this Convention situated in its territory shall, to the greatest extent possible within its domestic legal system:
Submit the request to its competent authorities for the purpose of obtaining an order of confiscation and, if such an order is granted, give effect to it; or
Submit to its competent authorities, with a view to giving effect to it to the extent requested, an order of confiscation issued by a court in the territory of the requesting State Party in accordance with articles 31, paragraph 1, and 54, paragraph 1, a), of this Convention insofar as it relates to proceeds of crime, property, equipment or other instrumentalities referred to in article 31, paragraph 1, situated in the territory of the requested State Party.
2 - Following a request made by another State Party having jurisdiction over an offence established in accordance with this Convention, the requested State Party shall take measures to identify, trace and freeze or seize proceeds of crime, property, equipment or other instrumentalities referred to in article 31, paragraph 1, of this Convention for the purpose of eventual confiscation to be ordered either by the requesting State Party or, pursuant to a request under paragraph 1 of this article, by the requested State Party.
3 - The provisions of article 46 of this Convention are applicable, mutatis mutandis, to this article. In addition to the information specified in article 46, paragraph 15, requests made pursuant to this article shall contain:
In the case of a request pertaining to paragraph 1, a), of this article, a description of the property to be confiscated, including, to the extent possible, the location and, where relevant, the estimated value of the property and statement of the facts relied upon by the requesting State Party sufficient to enable the requested State Party to seek the order under its domestic law;
In the case of a request pertaining to paragraph 1, b), of this article, a legally admissible copy of an order of confiscation upon which the request is based issued by the requesting State Party, a statement of the facts and information as to the extent to which execution of the order is requested, a statement specifying the measures taken by the requesting State Part to provide adequate notification to bona fide third parties and to ensure due process and a statement that the confiscation order is final;
In the case of a request pertaining to paragraph 2 of this article, a statement of the facts relied upon by the requesting State Party and a description of the actions requested and, where available, a legally admissible copy of an order on which the request is based.
4 - The decisions or actions provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article shall be taken by the requested State Party in accordance with and subject to the provisions of its domestic law and its procedural rules or any bilateral or multilateral agreement or arrangement to which it may be bound in relation to the requesting State Party.
5 - Each State Party shall furnish copies of its laws and regulations that give effect to this article and of any subsequent changes to such laws and regulations or a description thereof to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
6 - If a State Party elects to make the taking of the measures referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article conditional on the existence of a relevant treaty, that State Party shall consider this Convention the necessary and sufficient treaty basis.
7 - Cooperation under this article may also be refused or provisional measures lifted if the requested State Party does not receive sufficient and timely evidence or if the property is of a de minimis value.
8 - Before lifting any provisional measure taken pursuant to this article, the requested State Party shall, wherever possible, give the requesting State Party an opportunity to present its reasons in favour of continuing the measure.
9 - The provisions of this article shall not be construed as prejudicing the rights of bona fide third parties.
Article 56
Special cooperation
Without prejudice to its domestic law, each State Party shall endeavour to take measures to permit it to forward, without prejudice to its own investigations, prosecutions or judicial proceedings, information on proceeds of offences established in accordance with this Convention to another State Party without prior request, when it considers that the disclosure of such information might assist the receiving State Party in initiating or carrying out investigations, prosecutions or judicial proceedings or might lead to a request by that State Party under this chapter of the Convention.
Article 57
Return and disposal of assets
1 - Property confiscated by a State Party pursuant to article 31 or 55 of this Convention shall be disposed of, including by return to its prior legitimate owners, pursuant to paragraph 3 of this article, by that State Party in accordance with the provisions of this Convention and its domestic law.
2 - Each State Party shall adopt such legislative and other measures, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its domestic law, as may be necessary to enable its competent authorities to return confiscated property, when acting on the request made by another State Party, in accordance with this Convention, taking into account the rights of bona fide third parties.
3 - In accordance with articles 46 and 55 of this Convention and paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article, the requested State Party shall:
In the case of embezzlement of public funds or of laundering of embezzled public funds as referred to in articles 17 and 23 of this Convention, when confiscation was executed in accordance with article 55 and on the basis of a final judgment in the requesting State Party, a requirement that can be waived by the requested State Party, return the confiscated property to the requesting State Party;
In the case of proceeds of any other offence covered by this Convention, when the confiscation was executed in accordance with article 55 of this Convention and on the basis of a final judgment in the requesting State Party, a requirement that can be waived by the requested State Party, return the confiscated property to the requesting State Party, when the requesting State Party reasonably establishes its prior ownership of such confiscated property to the requested State Party or when the requested State Party recognizes damage to the requesting State Party as a basis for returning the confiscated property;
In all other cases, give priority consideration to returning confiscated property to the requesting State Party, returning such property to its prior legitimate owners or compensating the victims of the crime.
4 - Where appropriate, unless States Parties decide otherwise, the requested State Party may deduct reasonable expenses incurred in investigations, prosecutions or judicial proceedings leading to the return or disposition of confiscated property pursuant to this article.
5 - Where appropriate, States Parties may also give special consideration to concluding agreements or mutually acceptable arrangements, on a case-by-case basis, for the final disposal of confiscated property.
Article 58
Financial intelligence unit
States Parties shall cooperate with one another for the purpose of preventing and combating the transfer of proceeds of offences established in accordance with this Convention and of promoting ways and means of recovering such proceeds and, to that end, shall consider establishing a financial intelligence unit to be responsible for receiving, analyzing and disseminating to the competent authorities reports of suspicious financial transactions.
Article 59
Bilateral and multilateral agreements and arrangements
States Parties shall consider concluding bilateral or multilateral agreements or arrangements to enhance the effectiveness of international cooperation undertaken pursuant to this chapter of the Convention.
CHAPTER VI
Technical assistance and information exchange
Article 60
Training and technical assistance
1 - Each State Party shall, to the extent necessary, initiate, develop or improve specific training programmes for its personnel responsible for preventing and combating corruption. Such training programmes could deal, inter alia, with the following areas:
Effective measures to prevent, detect, investigate, punish and control corruption, including the use of evidence-gathering and investigative methods;
Building capacity in the development and planning of strategic anti-corruption policy;
Training competent authorities in the preparation of requests for mutual legal assistance that meet the requirements of this Convention;
Evaluation and strengthening of institutions, public service management and the management of public finances, including public procurement, and the private sector;
Preventing and combating the transfer of proceeds of offences established in accordance with this Convention and recovering such proceeds;
f ) Detecting and freezing of the transfer of proceeds of offences established in accordance with this Convention;
Surveillance of the movement of proceeds of offences established in accordance with this Convention and of the methods used to transfer, conceal or disguise such proceeds;
Appropriate and efficient legal and administrative mechanisms and methods for facilitating the return of proceeds of offences established in accordance with this Convention;
Methods used in protecting victims and witnesses who cooperate with judicial authorities; and
Training in national and international regulations and in languages.
2 - States Parties shall, according to their capacity, consider affording one another the widest measure of technical assistance, especially for the benefit of developing countries, in their respective plans and programmes to combat corruption, including material support and training in the areas referred to in paragraph 1 of this article, and training and assistance and the mutual exchange of relevant experience and specialized knowledge, which will facilitate international cooperation between States Parties in the areas of extradition and mutual legal assistance.
3 - States Parties shall strengthen, to the extent necessary, efforts to maximize operational and training activities in international and regional organizations and in the framework of relevant bilateral and multilateral agreements or arrangements.
4 - States Parties shall consider assisting one another, upon request, in conducting evaluations, studies and research relating to the types, causes, effects and costs of corruption in their respective countries, with a view to developing, with the participation of competent authorities and society, strategies and action plans to combat corruption.
5 - In order to facilitate the recovery of proceeds of offences established in accordance with this Convention, States Parties may cooperate in providing each other with the names of experts who could assist in achieving that objective.
6 - States Parties shall consider using subregional, regional and international conferences and seminars to promote cooperation and technical assistance and to stimulate discussion on problems of mutual concern, including the special problems and needs of developing countries and countries with economies in transition.
7 - States Parties shall consider establishing voluntary mechanisms with a view to contributing financially to the efforts of developing countries and countries with economies in transition to apply this Convention through technical assistance programmes and projects.
8 - Each State Party shall consider making voluntary contributions to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime for the purpose of fostering, through the Office, programmes and projects in developing countries with a view to implementing this Convention.
Article 61
Collection, exchange and analysis of information on corruption
1 - Each State Party shall consider analyzing, in consultation with experts, trends in corruption in its territory, as well as the circumstances in which corruption offences are committed.
2 - States Parties shall consider developing and sharing with each other and through international and regional organizations statistics, analytical expertise concerning corruption and information with a view to developing, insofar as possible, common definitions, standards and methodologies, as well as information on best practices to prevent and combat corruption.
3 - Each State Party shall consider monitoring its policies and actual measures to combat corruption and making assessments of their effectiveness and efficiency.
Article 62
Other measures: Implementation of the Convention through economic development and technical assistance
1 - States Parties shall take measures conducive to the optimal implementation of this Convention to the extent possible, through international cooperation, taking into account the negative effects of corruption on society in general, in particular on sustainable development.
2 - States Parties shall make concrete efforts to the extent possible and in coordination with each other, as well as with international and regional organizations:
To enhance their cooperation at various levels with developing countries, with a view to strengthening the capacity of the latter to prevent and combat corruption;
To enhance financial and material assistance to support the efforts of developing countries to prevent and fight corruption effectively and to help them implement this Convention successfully;
To provide technical assistance to developing countries and countries with economies in transition to assist them in meeting their needs for the implementation of this Convention. To that end, States Parties shall endeavour to make adequate and regular voluntary contributions to an account specifically designated for that purpose in a United Nations funding mechanism. States Parties may also give special consideration, in accordance with their domestic law and the provisions of this Convention, to contributing to that account a percentage of the money or of the corresponding value of proceeds of crime or property confiscated in accordance with the provisions of this Convention;
To encourage and persuade other States and financial institutions as appropriate to join them in efforts in accordance with this article, in particular by providing more training programmes and modern equipment to developing countries in order to assist them in achieving the objectives of this Convention.
3 - To the extent possible, these measures shall be without prejudice to existing foreign assistance commitments or to other financial cooperation arrangements at the bilateral, regional or international level.
4 - States Parties may conclude bilateral or multilateral agreements or arrangements on material and logistical assistance, taking into consideration the financial arrangements necessary for the means of international cooperation provided for by this Convention to be effective and for the prevention, detection and control of corruption.
CHAPTER VII
Mechanisms for implementation
Article 63
Conference of the States Parties to the Convention
1 - A Conference of the States Parties to the Convention is hereby established to improve the capacity of and cooperation between States Parties to achieve the objectives set forth in this Convention and to promote and review its implementation.
2 - The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall convene the Conference of the States Parties not later than one year following the entry into force of this Convention. Thereafter, regular meetings of the Conference of the States Parties shall be held in accordance with the rules of procedure adopted by the Conference.
3 - The Conference of the States Parties shall adopt rules of procedure and rides governing the functioning of the activities set forth in this article, including rules concerning the admission and participation of observers, and the payment of expenses incurred in carrying out those activities.
4 - The Conference of the States Parties shall agree upon activities, procedures and methods of work to achieve the objectives set forth in paragraph 1 of this article, including:
Facilitating activities by States Parties under articles 60 and 62 and chapters ii to v of this Convention, including by encouraging the mobilization of voluntary contributions;
Facilitating the exchange of information among States Parties on patterns and trends in corruption and on successful practices for preventing and combating it and for the return of proceeds of crime, through, inter alia, the publication of relevant information as mentioned in this article;
Cooperating with relevant international and regional organizations and mechanisms and non-governmental organizations;
Making appropriate use of relevant information produced by other international and regional mechanisms for combating and preventing corruption in order to avoid unnecessary duplication of work;
Reviewing periodically the implementation of this Convention by its States Parties;
Making recommendations to improve this Convention and its implementation;
Taking note of the technical assistance requirements of States Parties with regard to the implementation of this Convention and recommending any action it may deem necessary in that respect.
5 - For the purpose of paragraph 4 of this article, the Conference of the States Parties shall acquire the necessary knowledge of the measures taken by States Parties in implementing this Convention and the difficulties encountered by them in doing so through information provided by them and through such supplemental review mechanisms as may be established by the Conference of the States Parties.
6 - Each State Party shall provide the Conference of the States Parties with information on its programmes, plans and practices, as well as on legislative and administrative measures to implement this Convention, as required by the Conference of the States Parties. The Conference of the States Parties shall examine the most effective way of receiving and acting upon information, including, inter alia, information received from States Parties and from competent international organizations. Inputs received from relevant non-governmental organizations duly accredited in accordance with procedures to be decided upon by the Conference of the States Parties may also be considered.
7 - Pursuant to paragraphs 4 to 6 of this article, the Conference of the States Parties shall establish, if it deems it necessary, any appropriate mechanism or body to assist in the effective implementation of the Convention.
Article 64
Secretariat
1 - The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall provide the necessary secretariat services to the Conference of the States Parties to the Convention.
2 - The secretariat shall:
Assist the Conference of the States Parties in carrying out the activities set forth in article 63 of this Convention and makes arrangements and provides the necessary services for the sessions of the Conference of the States Parties;
Upon request, assist States Parties in providing information to the Conference of the States Parties as envisaged in article 63, paragraphs 5 and 6, of this Convention; and
Ensure the necessary coordination with the secretariats of relevant international and regional organizations.
CHAPTER VIII
Final provisions
Article 65
Implementation of the Convention
1 - Each State Party shall take the necessary measures, including legislative and administrative measures, in accordance with fundamental principles of its domestic law, to ensure the implementation of its obligations under this Convention.
2 - Each State Party may adopt more strict or severe measures than those provided for by this Convention for preventing and combating corruption.
Article 66
Settlement of disputes
1 - States Parties shall endeavour to settle disputes concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention through negotiation.
2 - Any dispute between two or more States Parties concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention that cannot be settled through negotiation within a reasonable time shall, at the request of one of those States Parties, be submitted to arbitration. If, six months after the date of the request for arbitration, those States Parties are unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration, any one of those States Parties may refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice by request in accordance with the Statute of the Court.
3 - Each State Party may, at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance or approval of or accession to this Convention, declare that it does not consider itself bound by paragraph 2 of this article. The other States Parties shall not be bound by paragraph 2 of this article with respect to any State Party that has made such a reservation.
4 - Any State Party that has made a reservation in accordance with paragraph 3 of this article may at any time withdraw that reservation by notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
Article 67
Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval and accession
1 - This Convention shall be open to all States for signature from 9 to 11 December 2003 in Merida, Mexico, and thereafter at United Nations Headquarters in New York until 9 December 2005.
2 - This Convention shall also be open for signature by regional economic integration organizations provided that at least one member State of such organization has signed this Convention in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article.
3 - This Convention is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval. Instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. A regional economic integration organization may deposit its instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval if at least one of its member States has done likewise. In that instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval, such organization shall declare the extent of its competence with respect to the matters governed by this Convention. Such organization shall also inform the depositary of any relevant modification in the extent of its competence.
4 - This Convention is open for accession by any State or any regional economic integration organization of which at least one member State is a Party to this Convention. Instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. At the time of its accession, a regional economic integration organization shall declare the extent of its competence with respect to matters governed by this Convention. Such organization shall also inform the depositary of any relevant modification in the extent of its competence.
Article 68
Entry into force
1 - This Convention shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date of deposit of the thirtieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. For the purpose of this paragraph, any instrument deposited by a regional economic integration organization shall not be counted as additional to those deposited by member States of such organization.
2 - For each State or regional economic integration organization ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to this Convention after the deposit of the thirtieth instrument of such action, this Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the date of deposit by such State or organization of the relevant instrument or on the date this Convention enters into force pursuant to paragraph 1 of this article, whichever is later.
Article 69
Amendment
1 - After the expiry of five years from the entry into force of this Convention, a State Party may propose an amendment and transmit it to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall thereupon communicate the proposed amendment to the States Parties and to the Conference of the States Parties to the Convention for the purpose of considering and deciding on the proposal. The Conference of the States Parties shall make every effort to achieve consensus on each amendment. If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted and no agreement has been reached, the amendment shall, as a last resort, require for its adoption a two-thirds majority vote of the States Parties present and voting at the meeting of the Conference of the States Parties.
2 - Regional economic integration organizations, in matters within their competence, shall exercise their right to vote under this article with a number of votes equal to the number of their member States that are Parties to this Convention. Such organizations shall not exercise their right to vote if their member States exercise theirs and vice versa.
3 - An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by States Parties.
4 - An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article shall enter into force in respect of a State Party ninety days after the date of the deposit with the Secretary-General of the United Nations of an instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval of such amendment.
5 - When an amendment enters into force, it shall be binding on those States Parties which have expressed their consent to be bound by it. Other States Parties shall still be bound by the provisions of this Convention and any earlier amendments that they have ratified, accepted or approved.
Article 70
Denunciation
1 - A State Party may denounce this Convention by written notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Such denunciation shall become effective one year after the date of receipt of the notification by the Secretary-General.
2 - A regional economic integration organization shall cease to be a Party to this Convention when all of its member States have denounced it.
Article 71
Depositary and languages
1 - The Secretary-General of the United Nations is designated depositary of this Convention.
2 - The original of this Convention, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
In witness whereof, the undersigned plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized thereto by their respective Governments, have signed this Convention.
I hereby certify that the foregoing text is a true copy in the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish languages of the United Nations Convention Against Corruption, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in New York on 31 October 2003.
United Nations, New York, 11 November 2003.
For the Secretary-General, the Legal Counsel (Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs):
Hans Corell.
CONVENÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS CONTRA A CORRUPÇÃO
Preâmbulo
Os Estados Partes na presente Convenção:
Preocupados com a gravidade dos problemas e das ameaças que a corrupção coloca à estabilidade e segurança das sociedades, na medida em que mina as instituições e os valores da democracia, os valores éticos e a justiça e na medida em que compromete o desenvolvimento sustentável e o Estado de direito;
Preocupados igualmente com as ligações existentes entre a corrupção e outras formas de criminalidade, em especial a criminalidade organizada e a criminalidade económica, incluindo o branqueamento de capitais;
Preocupados além disso com os casos de corrupção que envolvem quantidades consideráveis de activos, podendo representar uma parte substancial dos recursos dos Estados, e ameaçam a estabilidade política e o desenvolvimento sustentável desses Estados;
Convencidos também que a corrupção já não é mais um fenómeno local mas transnacional que afecta todas as sociedades e economias, o que torna essencial a cooperação internacional destinada a preveni-lo e controlá-lo;
Convencidos ainda de que é necessária uma abordagem global e multidisciplinar para prevenir e combater a corrupção de forma eficaz;
Convencidos além disso que a prestação de assistência técnica pode ter um papel importante na habilitação dos Estados para prevenir e combater a corrupção de forma eficaz, incluindo através do reforço das capacidades e das instituições;
Convencidos que a aquisição ilícita de riqueza pessoal pode ser particularmente prejudicial para as instituições democráticas, as economias nacionais e o Estado de direito;
Decididos a prevenir, a detectar e a desencorajar de forma mais eficaz as transferências internacionais de activos adquiridos ilicitamente, bem como a reforçar a cooperação internacional em matéria de recuperação de activos;
Reconhecendo os princípios fundamentais do respeito das garantias processuais nos procedimentos criminais, civis ou administrativos relativos ao reconhecimento de direitos de propriedade;
Tendo presente que a prevenção e a eliminação da corrupção é da responsabilidade de todos os Estados e que estes têm de cooperar entre si, com o apoio e envolvimento de pessoas e grupos que não pertencem ao sector público, tais como a sociedade civil, as organizações não governamentais e as organizações locais baseadas nas comunidades, com o intuito de tornar eficazes os seus esforços neste domínio;
Tendo igualmente presente os princípios de boa gestão dos assuntos e bens públicos, da equidade, responsabilidade e igualdade perante a lei e a necessidade de salvaguardar a integridade e promover uma cultura de rejeição da corrupção;
Congratulando-se com o trabalho desenvolvido pela Comissão para a Prevenção do Crime e a Justiça Penal e o Gabinete das Nações Unidas para o Controlo da Droga e a Prevenção do Crime com o fim de prevenir e combater a corrupção;
Recordando o trabalho desenvolvido por outras organizações internacionais e regionais neste domínio, nomeadamente as actividades da União Africana, do Conselho da Europa, do Conselho de Cooperação Aduaneira (também conhecido por Organização Mundial das Alfândegas), da União Europeia, da Liga dos Estados Árabes, da Organização para a Cooperação e o Desenvolvimento Económico e da Organização dos Estados Americanos;
Registando com satisfação os instrumentos multilaterais destinados a prevenir e combater a corrupção, tais como, designadamente, a Convenção Interamericana contra a Corrupção, adoptada pela Organização dos Estados Americanos em 1 de Março de 1996, a Convenção de 26 de Maio de 1997 Relativa à Luta contra Corrupção em Que Estejam Implicados Funcionários das Comunidades Europeias ou dos Estados Membros da União Europeia, a Convenção sobre a Luta contra a Corrupção de Agentes Públicos Estrangeiros nas Transacções Comerciais Internacionais, adoptada pela Organização para a Cooperação e o Desenvolvimento Económico em 21 de Novembro de 1997, a Convenção Penal sobre a Corrupção, adoptada pelo Comité de Ministros do Conselho da Europa em 27 de Janeiro de 1999, a Convenção Civil sobre a Corrupção, adoptada pelo Comité de Ministros do Conselho da Europa em 4 de Novembro de 1999, e a Convenção da União Africana sobre a Prevenção e a Luta contra a Corrupção, adoptada pelos Chefes de Estado e de Governo da União Africana em 12 de Julho de 2003;
Congratulando-se com a entrada em vigor da Convenção das Nações Unidas contra a Criminalidade Organizada Transnacional a 29 de Setembro de 2003;
acordaram no seguinte:
CAPÍTULO I — Disposições gerais
Artigo 1.º — Objecto
A presente Convenção tem por objecto:
Promover e reforçar as medidas que visam prevenir e combater de forma mais eficaz a corrupção;
Promover, facilitar e apoiar a cooperação internacional e a assistência técnica em matéria de prevenção e de luta contra a corrupção, incluindo a recuperação de activos;
Promover a integridade, a responsabilidade e a boa gestão dos assuntos e bens públicos.
Artigo 2.º — Terminologia
Para efeitos da presente Convenção, entende-se por:
«Agente público»:
Todo aquele que detenha um mandato legislativo, executivo, administrativo ou judiciário num Estado Parte, para o qual foi nomeado ou eleito, a título permanente ou temporário, remunerado ou não, e independentemente da antiguidade na função;
ii) Também aquele que desempenhe uma função pública, incluindo para um organismo público ou para uma empresa pública, ou preste um serviço público, de acordo com o disposto no direito interno do Estado Parte e conforme o estabelecido na área do direito relevante desse Estado;
iii) E ainda aquele que no direito interno de um Estado Parte é definido como «agente público». No entanto, para efeitos de algumas medidas específicas previstas no capítulo ii da presente Convenção, por «agente público» poderá entender-se aquele que desempenhe uma função pública ou preste um serviço público de acordo com o disposto no direito interno do Estado Parte e conforme o estabelecido na área do direito relevante desse Estado Parte;
«Agente público estrangeiro» todo aquele que detenha um mandato legislativo, executivo, administrativo ou judiciário num país estrangeiro, para o qual foi nomeado ou eleito, ou aquele que desempenhe uma função pública para um país estrangeiro, incluindo para um organismo público ou uma empresa pública;
«Funcionário de uma organização internacional pública» um funcionário internacional ou qualquer pessoa autorizada por essa organização a agir em seu nome;
«Bens» os activos de qualquer tipo, corpóreos ou incorpóreos, móveis ou imóveis, tangíveis ou intangíveis, e os documentos ou instrumentos jurídicos que atestem a propriedade ou outros direitos sobre os referidos activos;
«Produto do crime» os bens de qualquer tipo, resultantes ou obtidos, directa ou indirectamente, da prática de uma infracção;
f ) «Congelamento» ou «apreensão» a proibição temporária de transferir, converter, dispor ou movimentar bens, ou a assunção do controlo temporário de bens, por decisão de um tribunal ou de outra autoridade competente;
«Perda de bens» a perda definitiva de bens, por decisão de um tribunal ou outra autoridade competente;
«Infracção subjacente» qualquer infracção de que derive um produto que possa passar a constituir o objecto de uma infracção definida no artigo 23.º da presente Convenção;
«Entrega controlada» a técnica que consiste em permitir a passagem pelo território de um ou mais Estados de remessas ilícitas ou suspeitas, com o conhecimento e sob a supervisão das suas autoridades competentes, com a finalidade de investigar infracções e identificar as pessoas envolvidas na sua prática.
Artigo 3.º — Âmbito de aplicação
1 - A presente Convenção aplica-se, em conformidade com as suas disposições, à prevenção, à investigação e à repressão da corrupção, bem como ao congelamento, à apreensão, à perda e à restituição do produto das infracções estabelecidas na presente Convenção.
2 - Salvo disposição em contrário, para efeitos da aplicação da presente Convenção, não é necessário que as infracções nela previstas causem danos ou prejuízo a bens públicos.
Artigo 4.º — Protecção da soberania
1 - Os Estados Partes deverão cumprir as obrigações decorrentes da presente Convenção no respeito pelos princípios da igualdade soberana e da integridade territorial dos Estados, bem como pelo princípio da não ingerência nos assuntos internos de outros Estados.
2 - O disposto na presente Convenção não autoriza nenhum Estado Parte a exercer, no território de outro Estado, jurisdição ou funções que o direito interno desse Estado reserve exclusivamente às suas autoridades.
CAPÍTULO II — Medidas preventivas
Artigo 5.º — Políticas e práticas de prevenção e de luta contra a corrupção
1 - Cada Estado Parte deverá, em conformidade com os princípios fundamentais do seu sistema jurídico, desenvolver e implementar ou manter políticas de prevenção e de luta contra a corrupção, eficazes e coordenadas, que promovam a participação da sociedade e reflictam os princípios do Estado de direito, da boa gestão dos assuntos e bens públicos, da integridade, da transparência e da responsabilidade.
2 - Cada Estado Parte deverá esforçar-se no sentido de estabelecer e promover práticas eficazes destinadas a prevenir a corrupção.
3 - Cada Estado Parte deverá esforçar-se no sentido de avaliar regularmente os instrumentos jurídicos e medidas administrativas pertinentes com o fim de verificar se são adequados para prevenir e combater a corrupção.
4 - Os Estados Partes deverão, quando apropriado e em conformidade com os princípios fundamentais do seu sistema jurídico, colaborar entre si e com as organizações regionais e internacionais pertinentes para promover e desenvolver as medidas referidas no presente artigo. Essa colaboração poderá implicar a participação em programas e projectos internacionais que visem prevenir a corrupção.
Artigo 6.º — Órgão ou órgãos de prevenção e luta contra a corrupção
1 - Cada Estado Parte deverá, em conformidade com os princípios fundamentais do seu sistema jurídico, assegurar que haja um ou mais órgãos, se for caso disso, encarregados de prevenir a corrupção através:
Da aplicação das políticas referidas no artigo 5.º da presente Convenção e, quando apropriado, da supervisão e coordenação dessa aplicação;
Do aumento e da divulgação dos conhecimentos sobre a prevenção da corrupção.
2 - Cada Estado Parte deverá, em conformidade com os princípios fundamentais do seu sistema jurídico, conceder ao órgão ou órgãos referidos no n.º 1 do presente artigo a necessária independência a fim de que possam de forma eficaz e livres de quaisquer pressões ilícitas desempenhar as suas funções. Deverão ser dotados dos recursos materiais e do pessoal especializado necessários, bem como da formação que o respectivo pessoal poderá precisar para desempenhar as suas funções.
3 - Cada Estado Parte deverá comunicar ao Secretário-Geral das Nações Unidas o nome e endereço da autoridade ou autoridades que podem ajudar outros Estados Partes a desenvolver e a aplicar medidas específicas para prevenir a corrupção.
Artigo 7.º — Sector público
1 - Cada Estado Parte deverá, quando apropriado e em conformidade com os princípios fundamentais do seu sistema jurídico, esforçar-se no sentido de adoptar, manter e reforçar sistemas de recrutamento, contratação, manutenção, processo e reforma dos funcionários públicos e, quando apropriado, de outros agentes público não eleitos:
Que se baseiem em princípios de eficácia e transparência, bem como em critérios objectivos tais como o mérito, a equidade e a aptidão;
Que incluam procedimentos adequados de selecção e de formação de pessoas para cargos públicos considerados especialmente expostos à corrupção e, quando apropriado, à rotatividade nesses cargos;
Que promovam uma remuneração adequada e tabelas de vencimentos equitativas, tendo em conta o nível de desenvolvimento económico do Estado Parte;
Que promovam programas de educação e de formação que lhes permitam satisfazer os requisitos para o correcto, digno e adequado desempenho de funções públicas e os dotem de uma formação especializada e adequada que vise uma maior consciencialização, por parte dos mesmos, dos riscos de corrupção inerentes ao desempenho das suas funções. Esses programas podem fazer referência a códigos ou normas de conduta aplicáveis.
2 - Cada Estado Parte deverá também considerar a adopção de medidas legislativas e administrativas adequadas, compatíveis com os objectivos da presente Convenção e em conformidade com os princípios fundamentais do seu direito interno, com o fim de definir critérios para a candidatura e eleição a um mandato público.
3 - Cada Estado Parte deverá igualmente considerar a adopção de medidas legislativas e administrativas adequadas, compatíveis com os objectivos da presente Convenção e em conformidade com os princípios fundamentais do seu direito interno, com o fim de aumentar a transparência do financiamento das candidaturas a funções públicas electivas e, se for caso disso, o financiamento dos partidos políticos.
4 - Cada Estado Parte deverá, em conformidade com os princípios fundamentais do seu direito interno, esforçar-se no sentido de adoptar, manter e reforçar sistemas destinados a promover a transparência e a evitar os conflitos de interesses.
Artigo 8.º — Códigos de conduta para os agentes públicos
1 - Para combater a corrupção cada Estado Parte deverá, em conformidade com os princípios fundamentais do seu sistema jurídico, fomentar nomeadamente a integridade, a honestidade e a responsabilidade nos seus agentes públicos.
2 - Cada Estado Parte deverá, em especial, esforçar-se no sentido de aplicar, no quadro dos seus próprios sistemas institucionais e jurídicos, códigos ou normas de conduta para o correcto, digno e adequado desempenho de funções públicas.
3 - Para efeitos da aplicação do disposto no presente artigo, cada Estado Parte deverá, quando apropriado e em conformidade com os princípios fundamentais do seu sistema jurídico, ter em conta as iniciativas relevantes de organizações regionais, inter-regionais e multilaterais, como o Código Quadro de Conduta para os Funcionários Públicos, anexo à Resolução n.º 51/59, da Assembleia Geral, de 12 de Dezembro de 1996.
4 - Cada Estado Parte deverá também, em conformidade com os princípios fundamentais do seu direito interno, considerar a instituição de medidas e de sistemas destinados a facilitar a comunicação por parte dos agentes públicos às autoridades competentes de actos de corrupção dos quais tomem conhecimento no desempenho das suas funções.
5 - Cada Estado Parte deverá, quando apropriado e em conformidade com os princípios fundamentais do seu direito interno, esforçar-se no sentido de estabelecer medidas e sistemas que imponham aos agentes públicos o dever de declarar às autoridades competentes nomeadamente as suas actividades externas, a actividade profissional, os investimentos, activos e presentes ou benefícios substanciais susceptíveis de criar um conflito de interesses no desempenho das suas funções de agente público.
6 - Cada Estado Parte deverá, em conformidade com os princípios fundamentais do seu direito interno, considerar a adopção de medidas disciplinares ou outras contra os agentes públicos que violem os códigos ou normas definidos de acordo com o presente artigo.
Artigo 9.º — Contratação no sector público e gestão das finanças públicas
1 - Cada Estado Parte deverá, em conformidade com os princípios fundamentais do seu sistema jurídico, efectuar as diligências necessárias para introduzir sistemas adequados de contratação assentes na transparência, na concorrência e em critérios objectivos para a tomada de decisões que sejam eficazes, designadamente, na prevenção da corrupção. Estes sistemas, que na sua aplicação poderão ter em conta limiares adequados, deverão prever nomeadamente:
A divulgação pública de informação sobre os processos de adjudicação e os contratos, incluindo informação sobre os convites para concorrer e informação relevante e pertinente sobre a adjudicação de contratos, dando aos potenciais proponentes tempo suficiente para preparar e apresentar as suas propostas;
A definição prévia das condições de participação, incluindo os critérios de selecção e adjudicação, bem como as regras relativas ao concurso, e respectiva publicidade;
A utilização de critérios objectivos e predefinidos para a tomada das decisões em matéria de contratação pública, a fim de facilitar a verificação posterior da aplicação correcta das regras ou dos procedimentos;
Um sistema eficaz de auditoria interna, incluindo um sistema eficaz de recurso que assegure o acesso às vias legais de recurso em caso de incumprimento das regras ou dos procedimentos estabelecidos em conformidade com o presente parágrafo;
Quando apropriado, medidas para regulamentar as questões relativas ao pessoal responsável pela contratação, tais como a declaração de interesses no caso de determinados contratos públicos, os procedimentos de selecção e requisitos em matéria de formação.
2 - Cada Estado Parte deverá, em conformidade com os princípios fundamentais do seu sistema jurídico, adoptar medidas adequadas para promover a transparência e a obrigação de prestar contas na gestão das finanças públicas. Essas medidas deverão incluir nomeadamente:
Procedimentos para a adopção do orçamento nacional;
Informação atempada sobre as receitas e as despesas;
Um sistema de normas de contabilidade e de auditoria, bem como de supervisão conexa;
Sistemas eficazes e eficientes de gestão de riscos e de controlo interno; e
Quando apropriado, medidas correctivas em caso de incumprimento dos requisitos definidos no presente número.
3 - Cada Estado Parte deverá, em conformidade com os princípios fundamentais do seu direito interno, adoptar as medidas legislativas e outras que entenda necessárias para preservar a integridade dos livros contabilísticos, dos registos, das demonstrações financeiras ou de outros documentos relativos à despesa e receita públicas, e prevenir a falsificação desses documentos.
Artigo 10.º — Informação do público
Tendo em conta a necessidade de combater a corrupção, cada Estado Parte deverá, em conformidade com os princípios fundamentais do seu direito interno, adoptar as medidas que entenda necessárias para aumentar a transparência na sua Administração Pública, incluindo, no que diz respeito à sua organização, ao seu funcionamento e, quando apropriado, aos processos de tomada de decisão. Essas medidas poderão incluir nomeadamente:
A adopção de procedimentos ou de regulamentos que permitam ao público em geral obter, quando apropriado, informação sobre a organização, o funcionamento e os processos de tomada de decisão da sua Administração Pública e, tendo devidamente em conta a protecção da privacidade e dos dados de carácter pessoal, sobre as decisões e actos jurídicos que lhe dizem respeito;
Quando apropriado, a simplificação de procedimentos administrativos com o fim de facilitar o acesso do público às autoridades competentes responsáveis pela tomada de decisões; e
A publicação de informação, que poderá incluir relatórios regulares sobre os riscos de corrupção na Administração Pública.
Artigo 11.º — Medidas relativas ao poder judicial e ao Ministério Público
1 - Tendo presente a independência do poder judicial e o seu papel crucial na luta contra a corrupção, cada Estado Parte deverá, em conformidade com os princípios fundamentais do seu sistema jurídico e sem prejuízo da independência do poder judicial, adoptar medidas para reforçar a integridade dos seus membros e evitar que os mesmos tenham oportunidade de praticar actos de corrupção. Essas medidas poderão compreender regras relativas à conduta dos membros do poder judicial.
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